# LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.! 

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: UNITED STATES CfFAMElflCA. t 



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PBACTICAL SUGGESTIOIS ^ 

ON THE 

SALE OF PATENTS, 

WITH 

FORMS OF ASSIGNMENT, LICENSE, CON- 
TRACT, POWER OF ATTORNEY TO SELL 
RIGHTS, &c. MANY OF THEM ORIGINAL, 

AND 

INSTRUCTIONS RELATIVE THERETO, 

WITH 

HINTS UPON INVENTION, 

AND THE 

UNITED STATES CENSUS. 



ATTORNEY AT LAW, SOLICITOR OF PATENTS. 




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8 



PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR. 
HARTFORD, CONN. 

1871. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1871, by 

WILLIAM EDGAR SIMONDS, 
In the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. 






Standard Association, Pkinters, 
Bridgeport, Conn. 



I^REFACE. 



Having bad occasion, during some years of Patent prac- 
tice, to observe tbe blind wa}^ in wbich the large majority of 
inventors grope about, in the vain endeavor to sell their patents, 
and also having had the opportunity of observing the methods fol- 
lowed by business men, in dealing with the same inventions, it has 
occurred to the writer that he could, possibly, render a service 
to a large class of men, with whose interests his own work has 
been, and is to be identified, by collecting together the results of 
these various observations, and giving them form and sequence on 
a printed page. 

It is certain to the mind of the writer, that inventions which 
are really improvements, have a financial value, just as surely as 
any article of trade, and that the main difllculty in disposing of 
them arises from the fact that, generally, the men who have them 
for sale do not know just how to make a clear statement of the 
value of their inventions, nor to whom to present such statement, 
when made. 

This little work is an attempt to point out, in a simple way. 
the methods to achieve such results. 

With respect to the forms for assignment, license and con- 
tract, and the advice given with reference thereto, the writer feels 
sure they will be of value to inventors and owners of patents, for 
he has found them reliable and convenient in practice. 

The " Hints upon Invention" ma}-- possibly help some, 
inventors, who are misdirecting their energies, to a clearer view as 
to how they may make their endeavors profitable. 

If this little volume shall serve, in any measure, the purposes 
for which it is intended, the author's ambition with reference 
thereto will be satisfied. W. E. S. 



PRELIMINARY. 



Having made a really meritorious invention, and having 
secured a patent thereupon, the battle of the inventor, who would 
sell his patent, is but just begun. Heretofore he may have done 
some good skirmishing, but now he must face the music of solid 
battle. 

All along till now, from the first crude conception of tlie 
invention, on through its various stages of trial and experiment, till 
the device stands forth completed, and yet on through the ordeal of 
the Patent Office, till its parchment, ribbon and seal assure the 
inventor of its protection, he is usually sustained by an enthusiasm 
which suffuses his whole being with its rosy flush. In a sort of 
vague w^ay, it has, all along, seemed to him that when his patent 
should issue, his labors would be done, and he would thenceforth 
rest on his well earned laurels. Not that the situation has thus stood 
forth in his mind, clearly and sharply defined, for it rarely occurs 
to an inventor to seriously consider upon what will be the state of 
affairs at this juncture, till the progress of events brings him to it, 
but the cloud which hovered over this bit of proiiised land roughly 
assumed this shape. 

When the inventor has finally received his patent, and read 
and re-read it some dozens of times, it begins to occur to him that 
he will just thrust in his sickle and reap a little of the golden har- 
vest, w^hich imagination has, all along, been sowing for him. 
Plainly, he looks around for a purchaser, and with a kind of aston- 
ishment, waking up, as it were, from a dream, he finds that pur- 
chasers do not stand around ready to exchange their filthy lucre for 



ills invention. Generally unaccustomed to the ways of business and 
of business men, he finds himself, in a short time, as helpless in his 
endeavors as can well be imagined. He does not know what class 
of men will be most likely to take an interest in his invention, nor 
how to i*each them, nor what to say to them. Not rarely, after a 
year or so of this blind groping, disgust with the whole thing sets 
in, and the inventor renounces this and all other inventicms forever. 
This has been the experience, over and over again, of thou- 
sands upon thousands of inventors, and in multitudes of cases 
where a purchaser has been found, the invention has been sold to 
him for a song, and the buyer, applying business principles to the 
management of the invention, lias realized the lion's share of the 
money from it. 

The Patent Oflice Rei)orts are full of useful devices, which 
have never been introduced into the markets of trade, and which, it 
is easy to say, would have netted their inventors considerable sums 
of money, if they had been properly brought out in their time. 

It is partly with the purpose of indicating to this class of 
inventors to whom they should present their patents for sale, and 
how to present them, that this work has been projected. 

It must not be supposed that all inventions are salable, or 
that the directions hereinafter contained are infallible I Some 
inventions are very far from being improvements, for though they 
may be very ingenious, yet they are neither simpler, more efficient 
or cheaper than the common devices in use for the same purpose, 
and consequently there is no money in them. Such inventions may 
sometimes be sold to men with more mone}'^ than good judgment, 
yet the cases \vhere this can occur are so few, that it is not worth 
while to place any dependence upon them. 

It is, however, believed that a person will rarely fail to dis- 
pose of an invention of an^' merit, if he lakes the pains to under- 
stand and intelligently act upon the suggestions hereinafter con- 
tained. 



PATENT BROKERS. 

Almost, if not quite, evory issue of various scientific and 
meclianical periodicals are adorned with the advertisements of par- 
ties who hold themselves out as makini; a business of buyiug and 
selling patents, almost always strictly " on commission." The fol- 
lowing, omitting names and localivies, is the actual advertisement 
of such a party, as it appeared from week to week : 

" PATENT RIGHTS SOLD ON COMMISSION, 

And Valuable Inventions introduced by the most experienced Pat- 
ent Salesmen in the Union. ♦ * * No charge fop. our servi- 
ces, TTNLESS SUCCESSFUL," etc. 

This is a fair sample of a whole class of advertisements. 
A letter addressed to one of these advertisers elicited the fol- 
lowing reply : 

" Dear Sir : 

Your favor of the 2d is received. We charge from $r)0 to 
$250 /<9r expenses of negotiating Patents, and 10 to 15 per cent for 
commission. Yours, truly, 



A letter sent to another elicited the following reply : 

Dear Sir : 

Your favor of the 7th is received. We have been so taken 
up icith other matters, have scarcely had time to reply. Our terms 
require the patfntee to furnish $100, ivith which to advertise his 
patent, furnish one perfect model or drawing, and allow us forty- 
five days within which to make the sale,'' etc., etc. 

Yo u rs, Bespectfu lly, 



Similar answers were received to letters written to others of 
these brokers. They were invariably accompanied by circulars, 
describing in glowing terms the advantages the senders were able to 



wmmmmmmm 



8 

offer. There was a striking similarity among these circulars, and, 
ill one case, two were found, parts of which were identically the 
same, word for word, although they issued from offices more than 
a thousand miles apart. 

It will be observed that these patent brokers always advertise 
to sell on commission. Their letters and circulars disclose that there 
is always an advance fee, varying from $25.00 to $250.00, which 
can hardly be said to be in conformity with the terms of the adver- 
tisements. Commission houses engaged in the sale of other articles 
always pa}^ their own expenses, and not unfrequently advance 
money upon goods consigned them, before they are sold. For a 
patent broker to first advertise to sell patents on commission, and 
then, afterwards, to charge an advance fee, ought, at least, to sub- 
ject him to suspicion. 

Another thing — it is difficult to see what advantages a patent 
broker can have over the patentee, if the latter is once made ac- 
quainted with the way to reach probable customers. The broker 
certainly cannot understand the nature of the invention better than 
the inventor, and besides, as the buyer well knows that the broker 
must have a large commission from the price realized, he has an 
incentive to buj" from the inventor, and save this commission. 

The broker will probabl}"" claim — 

First, that by education and experience, he is better qual- 
ified than inventors in general, to set forth the advantages of the 
invention, and the profits to be derived therefrom ; and. 

Second, that he keeps an open office, at a settled place, 
where a person seeking investments in patents may come, examine, 
and select. 

To the first argument it may be replied, that the ability to 
well set forth the advantages of an invention is not necessarily inci- 
dent to the occupation of a patent broker ; and to the second argu- 
ment it may be replied that the legitimate market for inventions is 
found among those who are engaged in manufacturing or selling 



articles akin to the invention on sale, and that this class of men 
will, as a rule, display their usual shrewdness, and much prefer to 
deal with the inventoi", at first hand, and thus save the heavy com- 
mission, w^hich they well know the broker must receive. 

The sum of money which these brokers require as an advance 
fee, will, in most cases, pay all the expense of presenting an inven- 
tion to all that class of persons w'ho will be likely to buy it, which 
is all that the brokers will promise to do, and the invention is, 
meanwhile, entirely within the control of the inventor. 

These remarks are based upon the supposition that the 
advance fee i)aid to the broker is wholly and honestly appropri- 
ated for advertising, etc., about which a person is justified in enter- 
taining grave doubts. 

At any rate, it is better for the inventor to wait till he has 
exhausted all the unequivocal resources at command, before resort- 
iDg to this. 



PREREQUISITES. 



1. MODELS. 
It is absolutely necessary, in offering a patented invention 
for sale, to have one or more perfect working models. If the 
invention is a machine, and not too large and costly, and it is 
within the inventor's means, he should construct, or have con- 
structed, at least one full sized machine that will work to perfec- 



10 

tion. If, beyond question, the machine is too costly to allow of the 
inventor's building one, then he should have in its place comi)lete, 
artistic drawings in elevation, plan and detail. 

In making a model, it is not enough to construct a rude 
device, which, in a halting and awkward way, will illustrate the 
principle of the improvement. The machine should be most care- 
fully and perfectly made. The mass of minds will much more 
readily understand and appreciate the princi2ole oi the machine if 
the mechanical execution is perfect. Whatever the after made 
machines may be, the first one shoukl be as near perfect as possible. 
The inventor will usually find that, at his best, lie will have enough 
to apologize for, without being responsible for poor workmanship. 
It is much easier to interest a crowd in a fine piece of mechanism, 
even if the device be old, than in a new but roughly made inven- 
tion. The tea, coffee and spice merchants understand this, and 
take advantage of it, when they put in their windows handsome 
specimens of small steam engines, which are supposed to be always 
grinding fragrant Mocha or Old Java, the merchants well knowing 
that halt the people who go by will take a look at thd polished and 
l^ainted machinery, and will thereby be drawn to look at their mer- 
chandise. 

If the invention is a small article, as a shirt stud, a mouse 
trap, a toy, or a clothes line holder, it is best for the inventor to 
have quite a number made, that he may send samples to those wlio 
may become interested in the invention, if it should be found 
desirable. If the invention is a new compound, or a new process, 
the inventor must provide materials, etc., for exi)laining and illu.'^- 
trating the process, or the effects of the new compound. 

2. FIRST COST. 
Another necessity, in offering a patent for sale, is to be able 
to show just what the first cost of the article is.- If the invention is 
some complicated and costly machine, the inventor must show, 



11 

either from his own knowledge, or the calculations of^some compe- 
tent person, what is its first cost. 

A competent person would be a civil or mechanical engineer, 
or a machinist, or other mechanic of experience in constructing 
other machines of the same general nature. If a responsible party 
can be found, who will agree to furnish the machine well made, for 
some certain sum apiece, this is an important item to be had. 

If the invention is some small device, and not costly, the 
inventor should have some dozens, or, better still, a few hun- 
dreds of them made, so as to get at the exact first cost. To find a 
responsible party, who will undertake to make the articles for a 
certain sum per hundred, per gross, or per thousand, is also impor- 
tant here. The difference of two or three cents, in the first cost of 
small articles of general use, often determines who shall command 
the market ; in other words, who shall make money from the man- 
ufacture, and who shall lose. 

If the invention is a new process, the inventor must be 
amply prepared to show^ the cost of his process, as compared with 
that in common use for the same, or similar purpose. 

3. THE PROFIT 
The profit made on a single article is, of course, the differ- 
ence between the first cost and the retail price at which it is finally 
sold to the consumer. To determine the amount of this profit upon 
a new invention is a necessary thing, before offering it for sale. 
The whole profit is divided into three, and sometimes four parts, 
viz. the manufacturer's profit, the wholesale dealer's profit, and the 
retail dealer's profit. The manufacturer sells to the wholesaki 
dealer, the wholesale dealer to the retail dealer, and he to the con- 
sumer. There is, sometimes, intermediate between the manufactu- 
rer and wholesale dealer, the jobber, but the writer fails to see the 
use of such an intermediate, and if he is made use of, his profit 
should be a per centage on the profit of the manufacturer, so that 



12 

in making the division of profits, it is not necessary to consider the 
jobbber at all. Tlie retail price of the article should be fixed as is 
commensurate with the allowance of fair profits to each of these 
parties. If the invention is an improvement upon an article in 
connnon use, as for instance a tlat iron, and the first cost of the 
article is not greater than the first cost of the common article, then 
it is probably best to adopt just the scale of profits which obtains in 
the trade with reeard to the common article. An inquiry put to a 
friendly dealer in the articles upon which the invention is an 
improvement, will elicit what these profits are. If the first cost is 
somewhat greater, then the retail price should be correspondingly 
advanced, the scale of profits being kept at about the same ratio of 
correspondence. If the first cost is less than that of the common 
article, it is i^robably advisable to keep the retail price up to that of 
the common article, and thus give larger profits. 

There is no general correspondence of profits to these three 
parties, on different articles. The profits on different manufac- 
tures differ widely, and with no reference whatever to a common 
standard. The only rule that can be given, in this regard, is, to 
ascertain the scale of prices and profits which prevail from the 
manufacturer to the consumer, in the trade, upon articles which are 
nearest like the invention under consideration, and then to assimi- 
late, as far as possible, the profits upon the new article to this 
scale, varying, however, as any good reason may dictate. If the 
invention is a new process, the inventor must be prepared to show 
the gain in using the new process, as compared with the old, and 
the increased profit secured thereby. The same is true, if the inven- 
tion is a new machine for producing an old article, as, for instanc( , 
drain tile. 

4. THE MARKET. 
Having ascertained the first cost of producing the article 
invented, and having fixed upon the profit to be derived from a 



13 

single article, the next step is to enquire bow extensive a market is 
oifered to the invention. 

If it is an invention useful to both sexes, to chil(b"en and 
adults alike, it will have for a market the whole population of the 
United -States, over thirty-eight millions of souls. If useful to 
adult males only, the market will be about one-fourth of this num- 
ber. This thirty-eight millions of population is composed, roughly, 
of males and females in about equal proportions, and each of these 
divisions is composed of about one-half adults and one-half chil- 
dren, so that, if the invention apjieals to persons irrespective of 
their avocations, the market for it is readily computed. If the 
invention is one which will be useful in every family, the market 
will be about one-eighth the whole number of souls, as on an aver- 
age there are about eight persons in a family. 

The full census report for 1870 will probably contain such 
full statistics of the different trades, professions and callings of the 
people of the United States, that there can be readily gathered from 
it how many there are of any class or classes of persons to whom 
an invention may be of particular utility, and the whole of such 
class or classes will constitute the market for the invention. 

Instead of being directly useful to any class of persons, an 
invention may be an improvement in the manufacture of some arti- 
cle, as flour barrels, for instance, and then it is necessary to ascei - 
tain the actual annual production of this article in the country ; or, 
it may be an improved process, say of smelting iron, and then it is 
necessary to find how many tons of iron are annually smelted. TIk- 
census of 1870 will be a great aid in ascertaining most, if not all of 
this information, but when it is delicient, the librarian of almosl 
any public library can direct an inventor where to find the desired 
statistics The wants which inventions are designed to fill arc so 
various, and the statistics which, would answer all such enquiries 
fill so many pages, that it is impracticable to more than direct, in 
tills book, as to what information is needed. 



One element which must be taken into acoonnt in deterniin- 
iiig the extent of the market for a new invention, if it is an article 
and not a process, is its dnrabilily. If the article, when once sold 
to the consumer, will last him for ten years, of course the market 
for that article is not so large as it would l)e, if, in the natural 
course of things, it would last but a short time, and then woidd 
require to be renewed. Having ascertained the extent (^f the market 
for a new invention, the gross profit to be derived from it can be 
readily computed, by multiplying the profit upon a single article by 
the whole number which ma}^ probably be sold. 

5. CAPITAL REQUIRED. 

If the amount of capital required to develop an invention, 
and introduce it to the public, is small, this will be an additional 
argument to use in selling. 

6. PRICE TO BE ASKED. 

This is a matter, for determining w^hicli no absolute and defi- 
nite rule can be given. It is pretty safe to say that inventors are 
rather apt to overestimate than underestimate the value of their 
inventions. Of course, the more profit there is to be made from an 
invention, and the larger market there is for it, the more valuable it 
is. If it appeals to but a small and widely dispersed class, its value 
will be less. If it is a new and radical improvement in the manu- 
facture of some staple article, as iron or steel, like the Bessemer 
process, for instance, a half million dollars would be a moderate 
price for it. If a meritorious improvement on some household 
article in general use, or some article of dress, or a new and amus- 
ing toy, a few thousands might be a fair price. Again, if a really 
valuable improvement in some important agricultural implement, as 
a reaper or mower, from twenty to fifty thousand dollai's would 
probably not be exorbitant. In no case can an inventor expect to 
get but a fraction of the value of his invention, as shown by the 



15 

gross profit to be derived from it, for he must be able to offer the 
lion's sliare of this profit to the purchaser, as an inducement to buy ; 
and, besides, the purchaser will have the trouble and risk of making 
this profit piecemeal, as it were, from the actual use and sale of the 
invention, The advice of friends who are in business, especially if 
their business is such as to make them conversant with the market 
for the device under consideration, will be of great value in fixing 
the asking price for a jiatent. Having fixed upon this asking price, 
it is then quite safe to lessen it by at least one-fourth of its amount, 
and on this basis proceed. 



7. THE VALUE OF PARTS OF A PATENT. 

Having fixed upon the gross sum to be asked for the whole 
of a patent, it is very easy to determine the value of terrftorial 
lights under the same. If the whole value of a patent is ten thou- 
sand dollars, a state right will be worth just such a part of the 
whole, as its population bears ratio to the population of the whole 
country. Take, for instance, the State of Connecticut. Its popu- 
lation is about five hundred and forty thousand, while the wdiole 
population of the United States is about thirty-eight millions. The 
value of the right for this State will be arithmetically expressed 

thus . gl^oQ-Q of $10,000=1142.00 ; or, not to put too fine a 
point upon it, ^inO.OO. But the inventor cannot afford to sell one 
state at the same rate that he would sell all the states in a lump. 
The price for a single state should be double of the exact propor- 
tion which the one State bears to all the States together, so that the 
price of the State of Connecticut w^ould be three hundred dollars. 
This rule, however, should not be stringently applied to any of the 
Gulf States, nor to any state west of Missouri, except California, 
f<)r the reason that these excepted states are not as much interested 
in manufacturing as are their sister states, and for some other rea- 
sons, do not offer as good markets. 



16 

An advance of fifty per cent over tlic value, as dcterminccl by 
the population, is enough to put upon these excepted states, Ko 
atlvanee whatever, over this value, should be asked for territories. 
Having ascertained the value of a state in this manner, the value of 
a single county can be determined in precisely the same wa}', first 
finding the value as determined by the ratio the population of the 
county bears to the population of the whole state, and then doub- 
ling the sum. The value of a town may be determined in precisely 
the same way from the value of a county. The census of the 
United States, taken in Eighteen Hundred and Seventy, by states and 
counties, will be found further along. Those who desire to sell 
rights for towns, will have to procure the more extended census 
I'eport for this i)urpose. 

8. SHOP RIGHTS. 

A "shop right," so called, is the right to use the patent or 
manufacture under it, at some shop or manufactory ; it may be 
restricted to a certain place, or left unrestricted. It cannot be con- 
sidered advisable to make sales of this kind under a patent, unless 
there are strong reasons why the territory should not be sold. As 
such a right, when no royalt}'- is reserved, is liable to abuse, it is 
very difficult to fix upon the value of it, for although a factory may 
have been doing but a small business, previous to the purchase of 
the shop right, the factory may thereafter expand its business, so as 
to practically interfere with sales under the patent in all parts of 
the country. 

A shop right should be limited to a certain annual production 
and to a certain place. If this is not d(me, an effort should be made 
to ascertain the annual production ot the factory to which the sale 
is to be made, as compared with the like product of the whole 
country, and then a proportionate price should be fixed upon the 
shop right, doubling the value as shown by the computation, in the 
same manner as was directed for fixing the value of state riurhts. 



17 

There are some kinds of patents under which it may be advisable 
to sell shop rights ; as, for instance, an improvement in the manu- 
facture of steel. The greater part of all the establishments for 
makiug- steel will be found congregated in three or four manufac- 
turing centers, and the proper and sensible way of making such a 
patent available to them, is to sell them each a shop right. It is not 
difficult, in such cases, to ascertain the amount of the annual pro- 
duction of each establishment, and this amount, as compared with 
the whole annual production of the whole country, will furnish the 
basis for computing the value of the shop right, provided, of course, 
that the gross price for the whole patent has already been fixed 
upon. 

9. ROYALTIES. 

A royalty is a duty paid by one who uses the patent of 
another, at a certain rate for each article or quantity manufactured, 
or a per centage upon the sales. This method of realizing from a 
patent is, perhaps, the commonest of any, and if the patent is a 
valuable one, and the party who manufactures the article acts in 
good faith, it is generally the most profitable for the patentee in the 
long run. On the other hand, if the patent is of doubtful merit, the 
patentee better sell it outright, and it will be best in any case, if a 
fair price can be realized,- for both parties to the negotiation will 
then be freed from any danger of injury happening to them from 
the bad faith of the other party. 

The royalty to be asked, where a patent is let out in this way, 
differs very much with the article which is the subject of the 
patent. If the patent is an improvement upon an article of staple 
manufacture, it is best to keep the retail price as low as possible, 
and to effect this, the royalty must be low, varying from three to 
five per cent of the amount of the sales. On large and heavy ma- 
chinery, from five to eight per cent of the seUing price is perhaps 
^ fair charge. On agricultural machinery, from six to nine would 



18 

not be unreasonable. On small articles of jewelry, fancy articles, 
toys, dress, etc., etc., a royalty amounting to ten per cent of the 
gross sales is not too nuicli. In any ca^»e, it is not best to leave the 
manufacturer free to make as many or as few as he choos(>,s of the 
article, for he may choose to make none, and then the patentee will 
get nothing, and the manufacturer will still retain his license. All 
agreements upon royalty should contain a clause that if a manufac- 
turer shall not pay royalty upon a certain minimum number, the 
patentee shall have the option of declaring the license null and void. 

Forms of this kind will be found further on. All such agree- 
ments should also contain a condition, that at stated times the man- 
ufacturer shall render to the patentee a true and exact account 
of all the patented articles made and sold by him, since the last 
account and payment, to which account the patentee shall have the 
right to require the oath of t!ie manufacturer, and that if then the 
patentee is not satisfied, he shall have the right to view the manu- 
facturer's books. 

If one manufacturer will undertake to supply the whole 
market, and will fix the minimum royalty which he must pay 
sulBciently high, then it is best to let him have the sole right to 
manufacture ; but if it becomes necessary to let the patent out to 
more than one, then the minimum amount of royalty should be 
fixed upon the same general i:)rinciple as followed in determining 
the value of a shop right. 



10 



TO WHOM TO OFFER THE PATENT 
AND HOW TO OFFER IT. 

Having settled all these preliminary matters, and having 
become acquainted with the nature of the various kinds of rights 
which it is usual to dispose of under patents, the next question to 
be answered, is, " What class of persons will be the most likely to 
buy the patent, or rights under it." To this the answer is plain. 
If it is an article in distinction from a process, it is likely to be 
most readily sold to some one of that class of manufacturers who 
are making articles of the same class as this. " How to get the 
names and addresses of all of such a class ?" Answer — there are 
men in New York and other large cities, who make it their business 
to furnish, for a reasonable consideration, full and complete lists of 
all parties engaged in any particular trade, occupation, profession, 
or manufacture throughout the country. The inventor has, let us 
suppose, devised a new and useful article of jewelry for gentlemen, 
say a shirt stud or sleeve button. He, of course, will naturally ex- 
pect to sell his patent to some manufacturing jeweller, and accord- 
ingly he will procure, from one of these agents referred to, a list of 
all such parties, either in some particular part of the country, or in 
the whole country. 

It is not generally, advisable to procure more than a partial 
list, at first, because a sale may be made to one of these, and if not, 
then the list can be readily enlarged, from time to time^ as may 
become desirable. 

Having procured such a list of parties, the next thing is to 
properly present the thing to them, one by one and for this purpose 
it is advisable to prepare a circular, bearing a good "cut" of the 
invention, if it be susceptible of such illustration, and containing a 
concise, but very careful description of the invention and its opeia- 
tion, setting forth its advantages over the common article, or pro- 



20 



fess, on which it is an improvement. It should coittahl a careful 
statement of the actual first cost of the article or process, supp(Trted 
l)y facts and figures, and offers of responsible parties, if any have 
been made, to manufacture at such prices. It should also show * 
Avhat a reasonable retail price would be, as governed by the margins 
which obtain in the trade for similar articles, and from this deduce 
the profit to be made on a single specimen. It should further 
show, by actual statistics, taken from reliable sources, how exten- 
sive a market is offered to the invention, taking into account the 
average life of the article and the whole duration of the patent, and 
from this should be computed the whole sum to be realized, if the 
whole market is supplied. This figure will always be a large one, 
and after making this computation, it is advisable to say, in sub- 
stance, as follows; — "even if but one-half or one-fourth of the 
whole market is actually supplied, the gross profit will be," etc., et(,'. 
which, being a reasonable supposition, can hardly fail to cairy 
weight. If the claim in the patent is a strong one, it is best to 
insert it in the circular, and call attention to its strength. 

It is, probabl}^ not best to put into the circular the terms 
u))on which the patent, gr rights under it, will be sold. That can 
be better set forth in a letter to accompany the circular. The fol- 
lowing circular, founded upon an imaginary "Improved Collai' 
Stud," will illustrate the general method to be followed in preparing 
such a circular. 



I:m,p.:^aT''©ii 0®1I^;^ l^iMift* 





LETTERS PATEIST NO. 100,010. DATED JUNE G, 1871. 

This is an indispensable article of a gentleman's toilet. It is 
not only a perfect collar stud, but an equally perfect tie holder. 
All who have ever worn a " snap"' or butterfly tie — and this com- 
l)rises all American ?y/ff //kind— are well aware of the vexations 
incident to fastening the loop of these ties over the common shirt 



51 

bilttotl, or collar stud. Many a hasty, if not profane, ejaculation 
has been the result of attempting this task. It has often been a 
matter of equal disgust for a gentleman — a wearer of one of these 
ties — on reaching home, to find that he lias been bravely marching- 
through the streets, minus a neck-tie, which has, in an unlucky 
moment, escaped the faithless grasp of the common button, or stud. 

This little device completely cures these troubles. Tne loop 
of a tie is as readily slipped into one of the little hooks, upon the 
front of the stud, as a hat is hung on a nail, and it cannot escape 
tlierefrom by accident. 

The owner of the patent, which has a broad and strong 
claim, is not in circumstances which will allow him to undertake 
the introduction and sale of the studs. He will, therefore, dispose 
of the patent, or rights under it, and asks attention to the following 
remarks, which show its great value. 

First Cost. — It is made of gold plated sheet metal, com- 
monly known among manufacturing jewelers as " stock plate," and 
all the parts are struck up by dies, so that it can be made very 
cheaply, at a cost not exceeding five cents apiece. Messi's. Brazos 
(fc Copperman, of Waterbury, Conn., and also Mr. Chas. Riugman, 
of Norih Attleboro, Mass., have offered to make them, in quanti- 
ties, at that price. Of course, if these parties can furnish the studs 
at that price, the real cost is less, for manufacturers do not generally 
carry on their business for fun or philanthropy. 

The Retail Price. — Plated collar studs, of the common 
kinds, sell at retail prices varying all the way from twenty-five 
cents to one dollar, according to plate and workmanship. No stud, 
which is as well plated as this, sells for less than fifty cents, and as 
these last are merely the common kind, with no improvements, fifty 
cents would be a reasonable retail price for this improved stud, 
giving, as the profit on a single article, forty-five cents. This 
allows the manufacturer to sell to the jobber for ten cents apiece, a 
profit of one hundred per cent ; the jobber to the wholesale dealer 
for fifteen cents, a profit of fifty per cent ; the wholesale dealer to 
tiie retailer at twenty-five cents, a profit of sixty-six and two-thirds 
per cent ; and the retail dealer to the consumer at fifty cents, a 
profit of one hundred per cent ; so that while the retail price is not 
higher than for the common article, the profits of all concerned are 
enormous, and will make it a favorite with the trade. 

The Market.— Of the 88,000,000 of people in the United 
States, about one-fourth, 9,500,000, are men, and about one-half of 
tiiese, 4,750,000, are male youth, the whole mass of whom wear 



si2 



lies, three-fourth's of them, 3,002,500, " snap" tics. One of these 
studs can be sold to at least one-fourth of this last numl)er, which 
makes 890,025, on \\liich the owner's profit, at five cents apiece, 
amounts to $44,531.25, and as the average life of a stud is about two 
years, this sum must be multiplied ])y eiijht to give whole profit for 
the seventeen years duratiou of the patent, which gives the com- 
fortable product of $35(),250. 

The Capital Required is very small, and can be rapidly 
turned over. 

Foe Terms, etc. , address 

GILES GENIUS. 

Hartford, Coun. 

This circular should be printed in good taste. If the 
inventor can afford to put it on heavy, tinted paper, in some fash- 
ionable type, as is the so called " old style"' at present, with a red 
line around the edge for a border, so much the better. The matter 
of the circular should be written in as clear, crisp and sparkling 
style as the nature of the subject will admit, and the composition 
and press work be as perfect as possible. 

If the inventor, himself, is not capable of doing justice to the 
subject, let him find some literary friend, or some other properly 
educated person, to do it for him. Let the statements be just as 
strong as the facts will bear. It will be observed that the terms are 
not given in this circular. This, with some other matters, can bet- 
ter be reserved for a written letter, to accompany the circular. It 
is advisable to accompany this circular with a written letter, for the 
reason that the receiver thereof will be obliged, in common cour- 
tesy, to give the matter attention enough to understand it, which 
attention he might not give to a mere circular. Besides, the letter 
makes the matter more of a personal thing to the receiver, and does 
not make the terms ]>ublic, all of wliich tends to give weiglit to the 
matter. The general style may be understood from the following 
form for such a 



23 

(LETTER.) 
[Confidential.] 

Hartford, Conn., Jan. 1, 1871. 

Mr. Hiram Hautboy : 

Dear Sir : — May I aslc your careful attention to the enclosed 
circular ? I believe tiiat the facts set forth therein will show you 
that I offer for sale a really valuable invention. The figures, making 
every possible allowance, and then dividing tbis by a large fraction, 
show that there is a fortune in this little thing. But I am in no 
condition to undertake the introduction of the article. 

In the first place, I have no means. 

In the next place, I am a mechanic, and ignorant of business 
ways and business men. 

You are in a business which will enable you to manufacture 
and introduce this stud readily. 

I offer you the whole patent for $5,000. I shall be satisfied 
to take part cash, and part approved notes. If you do not care to 
purchase the whole patent, 1 may be willing to sell you a territorial 
or shoj) right, or allow you to manufacture on a royalty. 

This offer is made to you alone. 

The thing will not be offered to any one else, unless you 
refuse to buy, when I shall offer it to others in your business. Be 
kind enough to answer at once. If an answer is not received by 
me within seven (7) days from this date, this offer is from that date 
withdrawn. " Very Respectfully, 

GILES GENIUS. 

This circular and letter should be sent to the different parties 
mentioned in the list, sending to but one party at a time, and wait- 
ing till the expiration of the seven days or other set time, for an 
answer, before sending to another. 

When an answer is received looking toward negotiation, if 
any definite terms are offered, the inventor should most carefully 
consider upon it, before rejecting, even if greatly under the price 
asked, remembering always that all that is made over and above the 
actual expenses incurred, is clear profit. If a shop right, territorial 
right, or royalty right is wanted, the suggestions in the foregoing 
pages, on fixing the value of such rights, will be found of assist- 
ance. 



24 

If it is thought that better terms can be obtained, it is best to 
inform the correspondent that the inventor is ''gi'eatly obliged for 
the kind offer made, and will take it into serious consideration,"' 
etc., etc. A rule which should be imperative in all business mat- 
ters, comes into play here. Never be rude or peremptory in 
declining an oifer, but always express yourself in the kindest and 
pleasantest terms of which you are master. 

It is hardly possible that an inventor of any merit can run the 
gauntlet, in this manner, of all the manufacturers in the country, 
whose business is of a kind to naturally interest them in the inven- 
tion, without finding a purchaser. . 



NEW^SPAPER ADVERTISING. 

Another method of getting an invention before the public, is 
through the mediuni of newspaper advertising. This is more 
expensive than the method just described, and is not, perhaps, 
advisable till that fails, though it may be often happily used in con- 
junction with it. If the inventor can afford it, it is well to have 
the invention illustrated and described in one or more of the scien- 
titic and mechanical publications of the day, of which the Scientific 
American, and American Artisan, of New York, and the Scientific 
Press, of San Francisco, are notable examples. Such illustration 
and description may sometimes, of itself, prove sufficient. If not, 
it may be followed up by ordinary advertising ; or. this illustration 
and description may be dispensed with, and the advertising con- 
fined to the regular advertising columns. In doing this, tlie 
advertisement should be inserted in the paper or papers which 



25 

are designed to meet the eye of the class or classes of persons to 
whom the invention is of special interest. Any reliable advertising 
agent will be pleased, on request, to furnish, free of charge, a list 
of any required size, extending over the whole country, or any part 
thereof, which circulate among any special class of people, and the 
advertisement of the invention should be inserted in one or more 
such papers, as the judgment and means of the inventor may dic- 
tate. It is very much better to insert a small advertisement in a 
large number of papers, than to occupy a lai'ge space in a smaller 
number. The experience of old advertisers confirms this propor- 
tion. If the inventor is not skilled in writing advertisements, it 
will be best for him, if possible, to get some fi'iend, or other prop- 
erly skilled person, to write the advertisement for him, for it is no 
common accomplishment to he able to put into a small space, in an 
attractive and striking, and yet not vulgar manner, a notice of any 
thing, which shall say just enough to induce the reader to push fur- 
ther inquiries. Suppose the invention to be an improvement in the 
manufacture of coach varnish: an advertisement something like 
the following, would not be inappropriate : 

AUrW nn A nU ir a DXTTCJII ^ most valuaWe patented improvement in 
llJllVy uUnljIl VAiliuijllp coach Vamish is offered for sale— thor- 
oughly tried and tested. Address T, W. COPAL, Huyshope, Conn. 

This will occupy but few lines of space, and yet tells 
enough to interest varnish and coach men therein. It is not advisa- 
ble to make much parade of the patent, as a patent, for there is 
something of a prejudice among business men generally, against 
patents, on account of the great number of humbugs w^hich have 
been pushed into notice under their guise, but this prejudice van- 
ishes, when they discover that the patent covers a real improve- 
ment. 

The proper papers in which to insert an advertisement like 
the above, would be those which are intended for circulation among 
varnish users, yarnish manufacturers and carriage builders, a list of 



26 

which, with the charge for insertion, Ihe advertising agents can 
readily furnish. When answers lo advertisements are received, 
they can be re|)lied to by such a circuhir as that hereinbefore 
described, accompanied by a letter substantially like that set forth, 
changed to meet the requirements of the case. 

The inventor must not be afraid, if his means permit, to con- 
tinue his advertising for some little time, for experience has shown 
that unless a person is more than ordinarily interested in the niatter 
advertised, he has to see an advertisement a number of times before 
he will take any active step in reference to it. 



PERSONAL SOLICITATION. 

Patents are freciuenlly sold by personal solicitation, and if 
the inventor cares to make the sale of rights under his patent his 
main business, and can get safely through the period of rawness 
which always attends the commencement stage of all such attempts 
without giving up the busiuess in disgust, this method of sale may 
prove, in the end, the most remunerative. The Inventor must, 
however, give his whole time to the business, must have means 
sufficient to allow him to travel, and must persevere till he learns 
not to be discouraged at any and all disheartening obstacles he may 
encount'jr. 

In short, he must make of himself a successful salesman, and 
a salesnian of rather a rare order, a task which is evidently so diffi- 
cult, that unless an inventor is satisfied he has peculiar (pialiti- 
catious for it, he better not imdertake it. If he does, howevei-. 



i^ta 



27 

see fit to undertake it, a few suggestions may be of assistance. 
Upon arriving at a town where he proposes to make a sale, he 
shoukl be provided with a good model or models, and plenty of cir- 
culars containing substantially the matter set forth in the circular 
hereinbefore described, making the closing part to read — "Rights 
for sale on the most liberal terms aft" (wherever the inventor has liis 
head-quarters). If the place boasts a newspaper, the matter should 
be duly advertised, and good " local" notice will be found a great 
help. 

Suppose the invention to be a new domestic article, as a knife 
sharpener, the advertisement might be in substance as follows : 

" A GREAT WAIST FILLED — A simple, cheap and effective article for 
use in every household. G-reat Profits made. Rights under the patent for sale 
low. CaU at HARVEY HANDY, Patentee. 

Of course, having interested a man enough to call, the 
inventor must press upon him by aid of model, facts and figures, 
etc., the money there is in it for the purchaser. If any resident of 
the right stamp can be made to assist, by giving him a commission 
on sales, it will prove a valuable help. 

A thing sometimes done by traveling salesmen of patents is, 
to find some resident who is " up to snaff," as the saying is, and 
arrange with him that he shall hold himself out as ready to buy a 
half interest in the territory which it is proposed to sell, and they 
two, the salesman and the decoy duck, go in search of some third 
party who will really buy the other half. The price of the territory 
is put at double that which the seller really means ta realize, and 
when the third party is found to really buy the other half of the 
right, the territory is assigned to the decoy duck and such party 
jointly, but no money is paid, except by the third party, and out of 
this the seller usually pays a commission to tlie decoy duck. 

The fact that a neighbor is ready to purchase a half interest 
in the right, is a great inducement, usually, to the third party to 
buy the other half. 



28 

Of the morality of such transactions the reader will judge. 
If the inventor chooses to take his model in his hand, and 
attack parties most likely to become interested, at their places of 
business, he may make sales, but in this case he will find that pre- 
vious advertising will pave the way for the personal elfort. 



ITINERANT AGENTS. 

In almost every county in the United States may be found 
persons who, off and on, as the phrase is, make it their business to 
sell patent rights, traveling about the while for that purpose. It 
must, in truth, be said that some of these, by their fraudulent prac- 
tices, have done much toward bringing the business of a traveling 
salesman of patents into disrepute. These fraudulent practices 
have consisted in making grossly false representations, as to the first 
cost of their articles, in taking notes for the whole or part of the 
consideration of the sales, under the promise to retain them till due. 
so that the purchaser should have a chance to see that their repre- 
sentations were true, before making final payment, and then selling 
the notes instanter, and the like. 

]VIany of these men, the honest ones, are really good agents 
to emplo)% as they are usually willing to bear their own expenses, 
and take a share of the proceeds of the sales for their \ya,y. If an 
inventor has a choice among different ones, he should, other things 
being equal, select the one who has means that make him pecunia- 
rily responsible. 

Unless a person has such means, or unless the inventor is 
satisfied that he is a man of the firmest integrity, it cmnot be con- 
sidered safe to give him an unlinilled power of attorney to make 



29 

Sales, nor even then is it desirable, because it is always best to make 
sure that the agent cannot keep from the inventor any of the funds 
he may receive, nor put the patent into the hands of a confederate, 
by means of a bogus sale. 

Control over the funds received can be kept, by providing, in 
the power of attorney, that all cash received shall be deposited to the 
joint order of the agent and the inventor, and that all notes taken 
shall be to their joint order. 

Control over unadvisable or fraudulent sales can be kept bv 
providing, in the power, that the sales made are conclusive, unless 
the inventor shall, within — say ten — days, signify his non-accept- 
ance thereof. Forms for powers of attorney, with these or equiva- 
lent provisions, will be found further on. 



STOCK COMPANIES. 

A great many patents upon inventions which are either con- 
sidered very valuable, or which require a large capital, to make 
them available, are realized from by milking them the property of 
stock companies, which are either specially chartered by the state 
or national legislature, or are organized under the joint stock laws 
which prevail in most, if not all the states. This a perfectly legiti- 
mate, and often a very easy way of realizing money from an 
invention. 

The inventor takes his pay either wholly in cash, or from 
stock in the company, or partly in cash and partly in stock. 

The modus operandi is as follows : — the inventor, let us say, 
wishes to reahze $10,000 in cash, and $10,000 in stock, and it is 
necessary to have $15,000 actual cash capital to woik the patent. 



30 

111 such a case the nominal capital of the company ma}-, gen- 
erally, well be put at $100,000. 

We will, first of all, reserve $15,000 of this nominal capital 
to be used in securing the aid and countenance of influential men, 
to be given away by the inventor for this purpose, though of course 
tills part of the operation is usually confidential between the 
inventor and those whose aid he seeks. The inventor must there- 
fore reserve for himself, in all $20,000 of the nominal stock. 

This leaves $7r),000 in stock to be sold, w^hereby to realize 
$25,000 in cash, $10,000 for the inventor and $15,000 for actual 
cash capital. 

Now, to raise $25,000 cash upon $75,000 nominal capital, 
each share sold needs to pay but one third of its nominal value, so 
that there is a great inducement in this for parties to invest in the 
stock. 

Of course to make this operation successful, the inventor 
must be able to show, by facts and figures, a good prospect of pay- 
i ng from six to ten per cent dividends upon the nominal capital, 
and if he is able to do this, and acts with a fair amount of shrewd- 
ness in securing the help of two or three influential men, by the 
aid of the $15,000 in stock which be has set aside for this purpose, 
his task is very easy. 

The inducements he may hold out to investors are not only 
the hope of gain from dividends, but the prospect of becoming offi- 
cers of the company, as president, secretary, treasurer, director, 
etc. When such companies are organized, it is very common for 
tlie company to retain the services of the inventor in some capacitv, 
so that the inventor is well lewarded by })resent cash, by stock, and 
by future employment. 

If the inventor is content to take his pay entirely in stock, 
tlien his task is just so much Ihe easier, and if lie is able to organize 
his company without giving away stock. Ihift again lightens his 
burden. 



31 

If the inventor is willing to put in his invention against, say, 
-f 10,000 actual cash capital, then he may b(! able to find two or three 
men, or possibly one man, who Avill put the cash aaainst the inven- 
tion ; and, in short, there are numberless ways in which this pro- 
gramme may be varied to meet the circumstances of each particular 
case. 

The details of the organization of such companies must, of 
course, be performed under the direction of some competent la^v- 
yer, who will see that the local laws governing such matters are 
duly complied with, but farther on, in the part of this book devoted 
to forms, and instructions relative thereto, will be found a form for 
articles of association of this kind, such as is in use under the laws 
of the State of Connecticut, which laws are substantially the same 
as those of other stales upon the same subject. 



HOW TO WORK A SPECIALTY. 

The following article, taken from the " Chemist and Drug- 
gist," published in London, although specially a])plicable to the sale 
of patent medicines, will be found very suggestive to all those who 
have patented articles to introduce : 

'' Without having the pretension to disclose any new systems, 
the writer will rapidly note a few of the various methods of eslab- 
lishiug and developing the sale of proprietary articles, which ha\'e 
come under his personal observation, during a somewhat extended 
experience in England, France and America, Patent medicines, 
perfumeries, toilet i)reparations, dietetic productions, and othej- 
specialties are now so numerous, and in many instances are pushed 
so vigorously and with so much skill, that ^\\]m \\ is proposed tu 



32 

launch any new item, or develop the sale of one already partially 
established, the magnitude of the task appears startling. To attract 
attention to any iirei)aration, however good and well adapted to the 
wants of the public, is a task of such an expensive and laborious 
character, that a brief study of the systems followed by the success- 
ful men of the day, in this field, may be regarded as a topic of gen- 
eral interest. Whatever ma}" be the scientific opinion in regard to 
the leading proprietary remedies in vogue, and hovvever much their 
authors and compounders may lack professional status and a legit- 
imate endorsement of their preparations, it is quite evident that 
hundreds of these men have succeeded in attracting public notice to 
themselves personally, as w^ell as acquiring a great celebrity for 
their articles, by the unusual enterprise, skill, and general business 
talent displayed in the management of their specialties. It is not 
difficult to regard such men as likely to achieve success in almost 
any matter they may undertake, endowed, as they generally are, 
with the personal characteristics which emphatically command 
success. Therefore, it is quite correct to suppose that the great 
fortunes we hear of being accumulated by noted proprietors of 
(specialties, are not exactly happy accidents, but the result of patient 
and intelligent labors, united to a judicious audacity and liberality. 

' ' The personal acquaintance of the writer with a number of 
such men of the three nationalities already named, will enable him 
to indicate a few of the salient points in their methods of manage- 
ment. AVliile it is quite true that many articles of questionable 
merit have, by mere force of publicity, been established on a remu- 
nerative sale, it is without " any doubt essential to the success of 
preparations in general, that Wwy should possess positive merit, and 
be well adapted to meet some general public want, otherwise the 
efforts made to introduce them will be full of difficulty. The 
•notion sometimes heard— that advertising will make anythinsr sell— 
is simple nonsense, as every lai-ge advertiser knows. Ac^vertising 
will uucloitbtedly create a temporary demand for almost any article 



S3 

but unless the article itself responds to an evident public need, and 
is one which is intrinsically good, and likely to make its way on its 
own merits, as soon as the public attention to it has been gained, it 
will prove anything but a profitable enterprise, to make a serious 
campaign on such a basis. 

"At this point, let a word be said on the utter inutility of 
investments in publicity, to develop sales of worthless and trivial 
articles ; and also let it be noted that all successful patent medi- 
cines, notwithstanding that they are oftentimes popularly denomi- 
nated nostrums, quack remedies, &c., must, and often do possess 
intrinsic value, otherwise they could never attain any sale of mag- 
nitude or permanency. It is quite true that the enormous aggregate 
sales of patent medicines throughout the globe, a sale which has been 
extending with tremendous rapidity for the last decade, evidences a 
great popular want of cheap remedies which may be obtained in the 
shops, and which in many instances renders the expensive services 
of a medical man quite superfluous, 

" The profession in France has legitimised patent remedies, 
and the popular verdict in other countries has been in their favor. 
In America, where, in consequence of the vastness of the territory, 
medical aid sometimes cannot be obtained for miles, these popular 
compounds are oftentimes of great service in maladies lacking 
gravity. 

"In proceeding to notice more particularly the business as- 
pects of the topic, it may be remarked that the introduction of a com- 
pound of undoubted excellence may be accomplished at a limited 
outgo, by adherence to certain very common^ sense methods too 
often lost sight of by enthusiastic projectors. The style of get-up 
of an article has oftentimes a considerable influence upon its 
success. The best illustrations are undoubtedly furnished by the 
French, Avho have, in the forms of their bottles, style of typography 
and wrapper, generally e^fcelled the English and American pro- 
ductions. 



84 

" The retail prices should be in even shillings, francs, or dol- 
lars, although a contrary custom prevails in England and France ; 
and where various sizes of bottles are introduced, the prices should 
be the multiple each of the other, and the larger sizes contain rela- 
tively more than the smaller ones. The retail prices should always 
be printed upon the outside wrapper. The sending out of bottles 
of patent remedies without an outer wrapper is objectionable. 
The directions for use should always, no matter how voluminous 
they are, be wrapped around the bottle or box, inside of the wrap- 
per ; it is decidedly objectionable to have them furnished sepa- 
ratelj'', to be delivered by the retailers. 

" The American plan of printing the title and other matter 
on the different sides of the bottle, in the four languages most in 
vogue, as well as full directions in all these languages, in the pros- 
pectus which is wrapped inside, is an excellent one. In the case 
of small toilet and remedial articles, the plan pursued in England of 
getting them up in counter cases is ver}' effective for the purposes 
of introduction and advertisement, but too expensive to admit of 
after supplies being furnished in that way. The Americans have 
given a great deal of attention to putting dozens and half dozens 
in pasteboard boxes, with very bold outside labels. These, regu- 
larly arranged upon the shelves of a country druggist's shop, form 
a very cheap and effective advertisement, and also keep in good 
condition any bottles that may not be exposed for sale in the large 
plate glass counter show-cases so much in vogue there. For ship- 
ment, these paper boxes are packed generally in wooden cases of 
one dozen each, and these gross boxes are supplied without charge, 
the four sides being, when sent out by the proprietor, boltlly 
branded with the title of the article. It is a common thing to 
notice in American druggists shops, piles of these wooden cases — 
many, no doubt, innocent of contents — but all forming very chea]) 
and effective advertisements. The array of paper box "dummies" 
is also something wonderful, on the shelves and in the front win- 



35 

clows, Ko box of this kind is ever destroyed, as long as thei-e is 
any vacant space in the shop, its value in catching the eye of the 
customer being too great. These paper boxes and wooden cases 
are also well supplied with show bills, and small cards to hang up 
at odd corners of the shop, and a few dozen circulars for the comi- 
ter, In some instances the gross cases contain beautifully gotten 
up illuminated show-cards, handsomely framed. 

" From these details it will be perceived that the Americans 
are fully alive to the benefit to be derived f]-om furnishing the retail 
dealer with a splendid supply of weapons for publicity in his shop. 
As the druggists there are much more willing to exhibit show bills 
and cards than the chemists in Europe, the rage for handsome ones 
lias been carried to a most lavish point. Elaborately hand-painted 
gilt glass cards, three or four feet square, are quite common in the 
best shops, being furnished gratis by the leading patent medicine 
and perfumery makers, at a cost to themselves oftentimes of two or 
three guineas each. 

" In deciding upon the retail price of an article about to be 
introduced, too much attention cannot be given to the discounts 
which will have to be made to the different classes of buyers in the 
trade. There should always be a first abatement from the retail 
trade of one-third, for any quantity to one who buys to sell again, 
and to the same party a further discount of, say, ten per cent, when 
a whole gross is purchased — this last to be supplemented by an 
additional discount of ten or fifteen per cent, to the wholesale 
houses on five or ten gross lots. As the class of goods in question 
is essentially a monopoly, the proprietor has power to fix his prices 
as arbitrarily as he chooses, but he will consult his interest by 
making liberal discounts, selling for net cash only, and in no case, 
<^*onfidentially or otherwise, giving any advantage to one bu3-er over 
another. A printed tariff to wholesale houses should he issued, 
and rigidly adhered to as to quantities, cash, and days allowed 
for payment. All changes in this tariff should be notified some 



3(5 

(Considerable time in advance of the period wben the change will 
take place, so as to give wholesale dealers time to arrange advanta- 
geously, in case of their being either over-stocked or in short sup- 
ply. These notices should be given simultaneously, that no one 
man may have any advantrge from early information of contempla- 
ted changes. Having experienced the desirability of this uniform- 
ity of dealing with the trade in specialties, the writer is disposed to 
lay great stress upon it. The proprietor of an article must obvi- 
ously, in arranging his wholesale and retail prices, allow himself a 
handsome margin, the expense for publicity and otherwise, aside 
from the cost of manufacture, being likely to be so onerous. If, as 
is often the case, an article is got up by a chemist, in the midst of 
the ordinary routine of his shop, without adding anything for 
expense of labor, he should not, on that account, omit to include in 
his estimate the probable cost of bottling, packing, etc., as in all 
articles of extended sale, a separate organization and force becomes 
essential. The probable fluctuations in the ingredients of which 
the preparation is composed, should also be carefully taken into 
account, as the variation of a price once fixed upon a proprietaiy 
article is likely to be damaging. The heavy war tax upon spiiits 
in i\\(i United States, a few years ago, (now reduced,) nearly ruined 
the smaller grade of patent medicine men there, and they were 
obliged to adopt prices in many cases fifty and one hundred per 
cent, higher, which resulted iu placing their i)reparations quite out 
of the reach of men of moderate means. Coming to the actual 
work of introducing an article, it is better for persons of moderate 
means to canvas in the outset large country towns, than to attack 
the great cities. Should abundant means be at command, the 
metropolis had better be taken in hand first, as the country natu- 
rally symjiathises in the demand fur a preparation which has a 
metropolitan vogue, even where no local expenditure is made for 
publicity. 

" Whatever field is taken up in the outset, it should be thor- 



3? 

6ngh1y worked, and the article well made known there, before 
wasting time and scattering efforts in other quarters. No more 
common mistake is made by sanguine projectors of specialties than 
in endeavoring to grasp the whole body of the people at once. 
Any advertisement contracts made should be for cash, or nearlj'" so. 
It is so easy to get out of one's depth in making contracts payable 
out of prospective profits. When an article is already launched, 
and has been favorably received, the extension of its advertisements 
with a certain amount of boldness is no longer so pure a risk. 

"The question of newspaper advertising is so broad a one, 
that the limits of this article will hardly suffice for its treatment. 
Briefly, it must be quite clear that all feeble, cheap advertising, in 
the obscure columns of the papers, has but little effect. The 
shrewdest advertisers of the day adopt the most expensive methods, 
choosing the most costly localities in the principal journals. A 
few lines at several shillings a line, in a prominent part of a news- 
paper is a better investment than a lengthy advertisement in an ob- 
scure column at half the expense. Continuous advertising in every 
issue of a daily or weekly newspaper, is a great waste of money. 
If six advertisements on six successive days lead to an expenditure 
of ten pounds, it would be much more effective to insert one adver- 
tisement once a week at an expense of half the money. Small 
announcements persisted in, if appearing continuously, will 
undoubtedly, in time, produce a favorable result ; but, for imme- 
diate sales, resort must be had to bold, and sometimes to lengthy 
announcements. A dignified phraseology should always be adhered 
to, but any novelty that can be secured in point of typographical 
displa}^, is eminently desirable, 

" It is very questionable if the paragraph notices of a facetious 
character, now somewhat in favor with advertisers in the leading 
dailies, are really effective. The local it}' chosen is the advantage, 
if there is one ; but, obviously, the notion that the pul)lic are sup- 
posing they are absorbing the regular reading matter of the news- 



38 

paper, is presuming too much on their credulity. Of all forms of 
advertising, none approaches the well established daily newspapei'. 
Where there are several published in one town, it is better, in 
default of ability to grasp them all, to choose the best one for the 
article in hand, and go in liberally. Small advertising does not 

" When an article is being introduced, there should always be 
affixed to all advertisements the name of one or two shops in the 
town where it is kept on sale. This saves much disappointment on 
the part of intending buyers, who often apply at a dozen places 
without success, and ultimately give up their idea of obtaining it. 
" For sale by all chemists," is a very bad line to add to an adver- 
tisement of a new article. Nine out of every ten dealers will say, 
" We never heard of it before." and the tenth one will oifer to pro- 
cure it; while all (if in America) will suggest that ''It's a new 
thing," " Don't know much about it yet," " W^e have something 
of our own of the same kind quite as good." All of these influ- 
ences have to be fought against b^'^the projector of something new, 
and even at ihe risk of making some shops jealous, it is much better 
to name one or two where the article can surely be obtaineil. 

" Nothing is so successful as success. Once an article is well 
established, the chorus is unanimous in its favor from all the shop- 
keepers ; during its struggling infancy, something seems to whis- 
per to them to give it a kick. 

" Previous to quitting the party " who never heard of it 
before," it may be well to direct his attention to the eminently 
modern plan of addertisiag to the trade, now so much in favor 
with the most inteUigent body of advertisers. The last few years 
have witnessed the establishment of a most excellent series of class 
and trade journals in several countries — more especially in England 
— addressing themselves to readers of various professions and kinds 
of business. To all projectors of new specialties, this class of 
journals is invaluable, as well as to the proprietors of such est ab- 



39 

lished ones as it is desirable to keep alive in the minds of the trade. 
A great step in advance is made, if the trade can at once be thor- 
oughly informed respecting a new article. In default of abilit}^ to 
inaugurate an extensive range of advertising to the public, a most 
important impression can be made by bold announcements in 
suitable class journals ; and in conjunction with an elaborate pi'o- 
gramnie of publicity, the columns of this branch of the press offer 
palpable advantages. These journals, although as yet in a success- 
ful infancy, are destined to occupy a greatly enlarged position and 
influence. The day is rapidly approaching, in fact has arrived, 
when the intelligent chemist must regularly peruse a periodical spe- 
cially edited and published for himself and his confreres, in order 
to keep up with the advances made in the scientific branches of his 
profession, as well as to be thoroughly posted in its special trade 
intelligence. Obviously, these are among the earliest channels in 
which originators of specialties should communicate with the trade, 
beginning by at once making their articles known, by name at 
least, to the whole body." 



Hi^PBWflWPPWi 



FOKMS AID IISTMUCTI'OMS 



FOR 



M§§mimcni§, §rdni§, WkmseL 



CONTRACTS, ETC, 



ASSIGNMENTS AND GRANTS. 

An Assignment of a patent right is an instrument in writing, 
conveying either the whole interest in the patent, or an undivided 
]iart tliereof. 

A Gkant is an instrument in writing, conveying an exclusive 
territorial right inider a patent. 

The following is the text of the law with reference thereto, 
Approved July 8, J 870. 

" Section 3G. A7id be it farther enacted, Thdii every patent, 
or any interest therein, shall be assignable in law, by an instrument 
in writing, and the patentee, or his assign, or legal representative, 
may, in like manner, grant and convey an exclusive right, under 
his patent, to the whole or any specified part of the United States, 
and said assignment and gi-ant, or conveyance, shall be void, as 
against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a valuable con- 
sideration, without notice, uuless it be recorded in the Patent Office 
within three months from the date thereof." 

The following quoted paragraphs are from the Patent Office 
" Eules •" 

"A patent may be assigned, either as to the whole interest, 
or any undivided part thereof, by any instrument of writing. No 
particular form of words is necessary to constitute a valid assign- 
ment, nor need the instrument be sealed, witnessed, or acknowl- 
edged." 

"A patent will, upon request, issue directly to the assignee 
or assignees of the entire interest in any invention, or to the 
inventor and the assignee jointly, when an undivided part only of 
the entire interest has been conveyed." 

"In every case where a patent issues or reissues to an 
assignee, the assignment nnist be recorded at the Patent Office at 



44 

least five clays before the issue of the Patent, and the speciflcation 
must be sworn to by the inventor." 

"The patentee may grant and convey an exckisive right 
under his patent, to the whole or any specified portion of the United 
States, by an instrument in writing.'' 

"Every assignment or grant of an exclusive territorial right 
must be recorded in the Patent Office, within three months from the 
execution thereof ; otherwise it will be void as against any subse- 
quent purchaser or mortgagee for a valuable consideration without 
notice ; but, if recorded after that time, it will protect the assignee 
or grantee against any such subsequent purchaser, whose' assign- 
ment or grant is not then on record." 

"The patentee may convey separate rights under his patent to 
make, or to use, or to sell his invention, or he may convey territo- 
rial or shop rights which are not exclusive. Such conveyances are 
mere licenses, and need not be recorded." 

" The receipt of assignments is not generallj'' acknowledged 
by the office. They will be recorded in their turn within a few 
da5's after their reception, and then transmitted to the persons enti- 
tled to them. A five cent revenue stamp is required for each sheet 
or piece of paper on which an assignment, grant, or hcense may be 
written. " 

The fees for recording assignments, grants, contracts, or any 
other paper which should be forwarded, with the papers for record, 
to the " Com'r of Patents, Washington, D. C." are as follows : 

For recording an instrument of 100 words or under $1.00 

" " " overSOO and under 1000 words. 2. 00 
" " " over T 000 words 3.00 

In sending papers to the Patent Office for record, the papers 
and the money should be acompanicd b}'- a letter, stating that the 
enclosed papers are for record, and that the enclosed money is tlie 
fee for the same, and stating the address to which the papers are to 
be returned. 



FORMS. 

NO. 1. ASSIGNMENT OF THE ENTIRE INTEREST, BEFORE THE ISSUE OF 
THE PATENT, (bY SOLE INVENTOR.) 

In consideration of one dollar, to me paid by John J. Smith, 
of Hartford, Conn., I do hereby sell and assign to said Jo7in J. 
Smith, all my right, title and interest in and to a certain invention 
in ploics, as fully set forth and described in the specification which 
I have prepared, (if the application has been made, say "and 
filed,") preparatory to obtaining letters patent of the United States 
therefor, and I do hereby authorize and request the Commissioner 
of Patents to issue the said letters patent to my said assignee, for 
the sole use and behoof of said assignee, and his legal representa- 
tives. 

^ — ^ ^ Witness my hand this l.s^ day of June, J 871. 
X SfMp- Z CHARLES CHANDLER. 

The words and figures in italics denote those which are 
to be changed to suit different cases, and the same is true of all 
the following forms in the book, except that where changes are to 
be made from the singular to the plural, or vice versa, italics will 
not be used. 

NO. 2, ASSIGNMENT OF AN UNDIVIDED INTEREST, BEFORE ISSUE OF 
PATENT, (by joint INVENTORS.) 

In consideration of one dollar, to us paid by John J. Smith, 
oi Hartford, Conn., we do hereby sell and assign to him one undivi- 
ded 7udf interest in and to a certain invention in j^^oic^, as fully set 
forth and described in the specification which we have prepared, (if 
application has been made say, "and filed,") preparatory to obtain- 
ing letters patent of the United States therefor. And we do hereby 
authorize and request the Commissioner of Patents to issue said 
letters patent to said assignee and ourselves jointly, for the sole use 



4g 

find behoof of said assignee and ourselves, and his and our legal 

representatives. 

S^c-^a^jasj^ Witness our hands this Id dav of June, 1871. 

£f) 5C KEV. (b " ' 

\ STAMP. (I CHARLES CHANDLER, 



NO. .3. ASSIGNMENT OF ENTIRE (oR UNDIVIDED PARTIAL) INTEREST, 
AFTER ISSUE OF PATENT, (bY SOLE INVENTOR.) 

In consideration oi five hundred dollars^ to me paid by JoJni 
J. Smith, of Hartford Conn., 1 do hereby assign and sell to said 
John J. Smith, all my right, title and interest, (or one undivided 
half interest) in and to the letters patent of the United States, No. 
41 ,80r>, for an improvement in plows, granted to me July^iO, 18(54, the 
same to be held and enjoyed by my said assignee to the full end of 
the term for which said patent is granted, as fully a,nd entirely as 
the same would have been held and enjoyed by me, if this assign- 
ment had not been made. 

^ or-'ti . _» ^ Witness my band tliis lOih day of June, 1871. 
% ^^SirMP. % CHARLES CHANDLER. 



NO. 4. ASSIGNMENT OF AN ENTIRE (OR UNDIVIDED) INTEREST IN 
PATENT AND EXTENSION THEREOF, (BY SOLE INVENTOR.) 

In consideration of one thoumnd dollars to me paid by Johji 
J. Smith, of Hartford, Conn., I do hereby sell and assign to the 
said John J. Smith, all my right title and interest (or an undivided 
half micYcsX) in and to the letters patent of the United States, No. 
10,485, for an improvement m 2^lows, granted to me May IG, 18r»r», 
the same to be held and enjoyed by tiie said John J. Smith, to tlic 
full end of the term for which said letters patent are granted, and 
for the term of any extension thereof, as fully and entirely as the 



47 

same would have been held and enjoyed by me, if this assignment 
had not been made. 

g4.^>i=-%-ssp Witness my hand this Uh day of January, 1871. 
f sta^mJ.'I CHARLES CHANDLER. 



The clause with reference to extension can have no force, 
except with those patents granted prior to March 2, 18G1, unless 
the law shall be changed hereafter, which is very ujilikely, or 
unless extended by special act of Congress. 



UNDIVIDED INTERESTS. 

It is very important that all persons intcrcst(;d in patents 
should understand that the owner of an undivided interest in a 
patent, no matter how small, may, if he choose, carry on the manu- 
facture and sale of the patented article to any extent, without any 
liability to account therefor to the owner or owners of the remain- 
der of the patent ; he may; also, grant all the licenses he pleases, 
and put all the money he gets therefor into his pocket, and keep it 
there, so that, unless the assignor desire just this state of things, a 
proper limiting clause, in the nature of a condition, putting it 
beyond the power of the assignee, or assignor, so to do, should be 
put into the assignment. Although the writer has not, in conside- 
rable practice as patent attornej^ come upon an assignment drawn 
by any one else, which contained such a condition, he has never 
found an assignor who did not insist on having it, when the matter 
was explained to him. The next form, which is otherwise the 
same in substance as its inunediate predecessor. No. 4, contains 
such a condition, printed in small capitals, which can readily be 
inserted in the same place in all the other forms. 



48 

I 

NO. 5. SAME AS NO 4, WITH CONDITION. 

lu consideration of one thousand dollars to me paid by John 
J. ^mlth, of Hartford, Conn., I do herel)y sell and assign to the 
said John J. Smith, one nndivided /*«?/ interest in and to the letters 
patent of the United States, No. 10,485, for an improvement in 
plows, granted to me 3Iay IG, J 805, the same to be held and enjoyed 
by the said John J. Smith to the full end of the term for Avliich said 
letters patent are granted and for the term of any extension 
thereof. 

Tins ASSIGNMENT IS MADE UPON THE FOLLOWING EXPKESS CON- 
DITION, WHICH FOEMS AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE SAME, TO WHICH 
SAID CONDITION THE ASSIGNOR ASSENTS BY THE ACT OF SIGNING THIS 
INSTRUMENT, AND TO WHICH THE ASSIGNEE ASSENTS BY THE ACT OF 
ACCEPTING THE SAME, OR DOING ANY ACT UNDER AND BY VIRTUE OF 
ITS AUTHORITY, TO WIT : — NEITHER THE ASSIGNOR NOR THE ASSIGNEE 
MENTIONED HEREIN HAVE ANY RIGHT. POWER OR LIBERTY TO MAKE, 
OR VEND TO OTHERS TO BE USED, THE ARTICLE (OR " PROCESS," " MA- 
CHINE," " COMPOUND," WHATEVER IT MAY BE) WHICH FORMS THE 
-SUBJECT MATTER OF SAID PATENT, W^ITHOUT THAT HE SHALL ACCOUNT 
AND PAY OVER TO THE OTHER TARTY HERETO ONE HALF OF ALL THE 
I'ROFIT DERIVED FROM SUCH MAKING, USING, OR VENDING TO OTHERS 
TO BE USED, NOR SHALL EITHER OF SAID PARTIES HERETO HAVE ANY 
POWER TO MAKE ANY ASSIGNMENT, GRANT, LICENSE OR OTHER CON- 
VEYANCE WHATEVER HEREUNDER, EXCEPT THAT BOTH OF SAID PAR- 
TIES SHALL JOIN IN THE SAME IN WRITING. 

a ^— t;v-i^ ^ Witness my hand this \Qith day of Jane, 1871 . 
tJ^xrMP:! CHARLES CIIANDLEK. 

NO. G. GRANT OF EXCLUSIVE TERRITORIAL RIGHT, (bY ASSIGNEES.) 

In consideration of one thousand dollars to us paid by Wm. 
11. Binstnore and James S. Sanborn, of Concord, Neio J£a7npshire, 
we do hereby assign, grant and convey to the said Wm. II. Dins, 




49 

more and James S. Sanborn, the exclusive right to make, use and 
vend within the State of Wisconsin, and in no other place or places, 
the improvement in plows, for which letters patent of the United 
States, dated August 25, 18G7, were granted to Lemuel H. Harcey, 
and by said Harvey duly assigned to us, and recorded in the Patent 
Office, the same to be held and enjoyed by the said William IL 
Dins?nore and James S, Sanborn, as full and entirely as the same 
would have been held and enjoyed by us, if this grant had not been 
made. 

Witness our hands this 19th day of June, 1871. 

CHARLES CHANDLER, 
HENRY H. HARRIS. 

It is believed that a careful reading of the above forms will 
enable any fairly intelligent person to draw an assignment or grant 
to meet any particular case, taking the phraseology wholly from 
one form, or partly from one and partly from another, as the 
circumstances in hand dictate. 

LICENSES. 

A license under a patent is an oral or written permit to make, 
sell, or use a patented invention, conveying no interest in the patent 
itself, and it need not be recorded. 

A license may be made by the owner^'^of the entire, or an 
undivided interest in a patent, or by the owner of an exclusive ter- 
ritorial right. An owner of a license, which, by its terms, is 
assignable, can assign it to other parties at his pleasure. Licenses 
require a five cent revenue stamp upon each sheet or piece of paper 
upon which they are written. The following>re forms of license : 

XO. 1. LICENSE — SHOP KIGHT, (l?Y PATENTEE.) 

In consideratio^ of fifty dollars paid me by Hart, Holbrook, 
i& Company, of Albany, Mio York, I do hereby license and cm- 



power said firm to manufacture at a single foundry and machine 
shop in said Albany^ and in no other place or places, the improve- 
ment in harrows, for which letters patent of the United States Ko. 
71,84() were granted to me November 13, 18G8, and to sell the 
machines so manufactured throughout the United States, to the full 
end of the term for which said letters patent are granted. 
Witness my band this 22d day of ,hme, 1871. 

NOEL HOLCOMIi. 




NO. 2. LICENSE — SHOP EIGHT — ASSIGNABLE AND LIMITED, (bY 

I'ATENTEES.) 

In consideration oi fifty dollars, we do hereby license Hirani 
A. Evarts, of Kingston, New York, or his assigns, to manufacture 
at a single foundry and machine shop, the improved seed sower, for 
which letters patent of the United States No. 74,560 were granted 
to us December 15, J 870, to the number of one hundred of such 
seed sowers in each calendar year, and no more, and to sell such seed 
sowers so made in the United States, to the full end of the term for 
which said letters patent are granted. 
gj-«==-j~^55| Witness our hands this 2Uh day of June, i871. 

1^1''™^! HARLOW HUGGINS, 

^,,=ii^g JAMES E. JILLSON. 

NO. 3. LICENSE — NOT EXCLUSIVE — WITH CONTRACT FOR ROYALTY. 
(Taken from Patent Office Forms. ^ 

This agreement, made the ^2th day of September, 1868, 
between Morrison White, party of the first part, and the Union- 
toion Agricultural Works, party of the second part, witncsseth 
that whereas letters patent of the United States for an improvement 
in horse rakes were granted to the party of the first part, dated 
October 4, 1867 ; and whereas the party of the second part is desi- 
rous of manufacturing horse rakes containing said patented 
improvement ; now, therefore, the parties have agreed as follows : 



51 

i. The party of the first part hereby licenses aud empowers 
the party of the second part to manufacture, subject to the condi- 
tions hereinafter named, at their factory in Uniontown, MoQ^yland, 
and in no other place or places, to the end of the term for which 
said letters patent were granted, Jiorse rakes containing the patented 
improvements, and to sell the same within the United States. 

II. The party of tlie second part agrees to make full aud true 
returns to the party of the first part, under oath, upon the first days 
of July and January in each year, of all horse rakes containing the 
])atented improvements manufactured by them. 

]II. The party of the second part agrees to pay to the party 
of the first part five dollars^ as a license fee upon every horse rake 
manufactured by said party of the second part, containing the 
patented improvements ; provided that, if the said fee be paid upon 
the days provided herein for semi-annual returns, or within ten 
days thereafter, a discount of fifty per cent. shaU be made from said 
fee for prompt payment. 

IV. Upon failure of the party of the second part to make 
returns, or to make payment of license fees, as herein provided, for 
thirty days after the days herein named, the party of the first part 
may terminate this license by serving a written notice upon the 
party of the second part ; but the party of the second part shall not 
thereby be discharged from any liability to the party of the first 
part, for any license fees due at the time of the service of said 
notice. 

In witness whereof, the parties above named {the said Union- 
foicn Agricultural WorJcs, by its president) have hereunto set their 
hands this day and year first above written. 
*«'=-^i?=«ap ^ MORRISON WHITE, 

3c.iiEv.(6 UNIONTOWN AGRICULTURAL WORKS, 

g iJ-yi!^ ! ^'^' JABEZ REYNOLDS, President. 



:<jo. 4. LICENSE — EXCT.isivE— Avrrn contract ton RoVALtV. 

This agreement, made this 10th day of June, 1871, between 
Henry L. Harrison, of Hartford, Connecticut, party of the first 
part, and the Excelsior Iron Works, a corjiorate body under the 
laws of said state, located and doing business at j\^ew Jlritain, in 
said state, party of tlie second part, witncssetli — 

That whereas letters patent of the United States were, on the 
'29(h day of January, 1871, granted to said party of the first part, 
for an improvement in stove hoolcs^ which said patented article said 
party of the second part is desirous to make and sell : now, there- 
fore, the parties have agreed as follows : 

I. The party of the first part hereby gives to the party of the 
second part, the exclusive right to manufacture and sell said 
patented improvements, to the end of the term of said patent, sub- 
ject to the conditions hereinafter named. 

II. The party of the second part agrees to make full and true 
returns, on the first days of January, April, July and October in 
each year, of all of said patented stove hooks made by them in tlic 
three calendar months then last past, and if said party of the first 
part shall not be satisfied, in any respect, with any such return, 
then he shall have the right, either by himself or his attorney, to 
examine any and all of the books of account of said party of tlie 
second part, containing any items, charges, memoranda or informa- 
lion relating to the manufacture or sale of said patented stove hooks, 
and upon request made, said party of the second part shall produce 
all such books for said examination. 

III. The party of the second part agree to pay the party of 
the first part two cents as a license fee upon every one of said pat- 
ented stove hooks made by them, the whole of said license fee for 
each quarterly term of three months, as hereinbefore specified to 
be due and payable within fifteen days after the regular return day 
for that quarter. And said party of the second part agrees to pay 
to the party of the first part at least fifty dollars, as said license fee, 



irpon each of said quarterly terms, even though they should not 
make enough of said patented stove Jiooks to amount to that sum at 
The regular royalty of two cents apiece. 

IV. Upon failure of the party of the second part to make 
returns, or to make payment of license fees as herein pi'ovided, for 
thirty days after such returns or such payments are due respect- 
ively, then the party of the first part may terminate this license by 
sarving a written notice to that effect upon the party of the second 
part ; but said party of the second part shall not thereby be dis- 
charged from any liability to the party of the first part for any 
license fees due at the time of the service of said notice. 

In witness whereof the above named parties (the said Excel- 
sior Iron Works^ by its President) have hereto set their hands this 
day and year first above w^ritten. 
t^ ^-- ^^^ HENRY L. HARRISON, 

i)5c.REv.ct^ Excelsior Iron Works, 

t J^J'^% ^^^ ^^^^^ HARTSHORN, President. 

It will be observed that under form No. 3, the licensee is not 
l)Ound to make a single one of the patented articles, and if he does 
not, the patentee derives no profit from the license. It is not an 
uncommon thing for unscrupulous manufacturers, with whose 
business a new invention would interfere, to get a license in sub- 
stance like form No. 3, except to make it exclusive, and perhaps 
leave out the vacating clause at the end, and then to either never 
make a single one of the patented articles, or to make so few as 
to make it really amount to the same thing. The license in form 
No. 4 is the one that is recommended, for under it the licensee is 
bound to pay a certain sum, as royalty, whether he make a single 
one of the articles or not. 



54 

NO. r>. TKANSFER OF TRADE MARK. 
(From Patent Office Forms.) 
We, Joiham Mills and Ahner Clark, of Keohak, Iowa, part- 
ners under the fir in name of Mills & Clark, in consideration of 
fioe hundred dollars, to us paid by Jarvis Case, of the same place, 
do hereby sell, assign, and transfer to the said Jarois Case and his 
assigns the exclusive right to use, in the manufacture of stoves, a 
certain trade mark for stoves, deposited by us in the United States 
Patent Office, and recorded therein Jtdi/ 15, 1870 ; the same to be 
held, CDJoyed and used b}'' the said Jarvis Case as fully and 
entirely as the same would have been held and enjoyed by i(s, if 
this grant had not been made. 

Witness our hands this 20th day of Juli/, 1870. 

JorilAM MILLS, 
ABNER CLARK. 

rOKM FOE ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION 

(of the 

WILLIAMS PATENT STEAM GOVERNOR 

MANUFACTURING COMrANY.) 

The subscribers hereby associate themselves as a body corpo- 
rate and politic, under and in pursuanc^e of the provisions of the 
statute laws of the State of Connecticut, authorizing and regulating 
the formation of joint stock corporations, and the)' adopt the fol- 
lowing general articles of association and agreement : 

I. The name of the corporation shall be the Williams Patent 
Steam Governor Mamifacturing Company, and its capital stock 
shall be one hundred thousand dollars, to be divided into shares of 
twenty-five dollars each. 

II. The purpose for which this said corporation is to be 
organized is to manufacture and sell the steam governor covered by 
letters patent of the United States, dated February 2^, 1871, and 
nvmbered 102,232, issued to Chauncey Williams, to sell rights 



55 

under said letters patent, and to buy and sell, and deal generally in 
such real and personal estate as may be necessary and convenient 
in the successful prosecution of said business. 

III. The principal place of business of said corporation shall 
be at Hartford, in said state. 

IV. Each subscriber hereto agrees to take the number of 
shares in the capital stock of said corporation set against his name, 
to be paid for by installments, as called for by the directors hereaf- 
ter to be appointed. 

Y. It is mutually understood and agreed by and between the 
subscribers hereto, that said Chauiicey Williams, or his legal rep- 
resentatives, may subscribe hereto for that number of shares, 
whose par value amounts to twenty-five thousand dollars, and that 
when said letters patent are fully assigned to said corporation, said 
Williams, and his legal representatives, shall be freed from any 
further liability on account thereof, which said allowance, together 
with ten thousand (\o\\q,yq in cash, which it is agreed and understood 
shall be paid to said Williams before said corporation shall com- 
mence to prosecute said business, shall be in full payment for said 
letters patent, and the invention covered thereby, which shall then 
become the full and exclusive property of said corporation. 

Dated Hartford, Conn., July Wi, 1871. 

NAMES. NO. OF SHAKES. PAR VALUE. 

Upon such a basis as this, the inventor can proceed, till he 
secures the requisite subscribers, after which it is advisable to 
follow the advice of some local attorney, as to giving notice of the 
first meeting of the company, etc. 



in o I^ ILvdl S 



FOR 



POWJEIB ©F Af T©imE¥ 



TO 



SELL RIGHTS, ETC. 



AVITII 



INSTRUCTIONS, ETC. 



FORMS FOR POAYER OF ATTORXEY. 



NO. 1. POWER. OF ATTORXEY. 
(By the Patentee.) 

I, John Ilfu'rjJd^ of Hartford^ Comieciknt, patentee and 
owner of letters patent of the United States, No, 100,001, for an 
improvement in Mouse Traps, dated May 10, 1870, do hereb}^ 
appoint Iliram Handsome, of said Hartford, my attorney, witli 
full power to make assignments, grants, or licenses ot any kind, 
under said patent, with full power to sign my name to all such 
instruments, and to receive and receipt for all considerations 
received in exchange for any of said rights, but with no power to 
bind me in any manner further than to make binding and le^al all 
such assignments, grants and licenses. 

This power is in force till a revocation in writing shall be 
duly recorded upon the records of the United States Patent Office, 
where this power of attorney will be found duly recorded. 

Witness my hand this l\ih day of June, A. D. 1871. 

JOIiy^ HAIGHT. 

Witnesses, ^ ^ %^^^r- c,.^i t^ r-^ c^^j^ 

Charles II Haicser, | bevenue-stamp. | 

Henry C. Cable. ^^-^^ ^^^^kT^ ^-j^^^j ^-j ^^ 

It will be observed that the foregoing power gives to the 
attorney, while the power is unrevoked, as full power over the 
patent as the owner has, and makes no provision for ensuring that 
the owner shall know of the terms of each sale, or for the safety of 
the funds received. Although it is a common form, it cannot be 
recommended. The following is the form that is recommended : 



«() 

JJO. 2. POWER OF ATTOENEY, (WITII RESTRICTIONS.) 
(By the Assignees of entire right.) 

We, William M. Noble and Hugh R. Hansom, of Hartford., 
CannecUcut, assignees and owners of the entire right in and to let- 
ters patent of the United iStiites No. 100,002, for an improvement 
in Garden Hoes, dated May 10, 1870, do hereby appoint Harvey 
Handy, of said Hartford, our attorney, with full power to make 
assignments, grants or licenses of any kind, under said patent, 
with full power to sign our names to all such instruments, and to 
receive and receipt for, in our name, all considerations received in 
exchange for any of said rights, but with no power to bind us, or 
either of us, further than to make binding and legal all such assign- 
ments, grants, and licenses, he to exercise- all power herein con- 
ferred under the following conditions, without which no act of his 
under this authority shall be valid, 

I. He shall sell at not less than the following prices : 
For the whole patent, $20,000. 

For any state, such part of $20,000 as the population of the 
state in question bears ratio to the whole population of the United 
States, this result to be doubled to find the price for said state. 

For any county, such part of the price for the state, as deter- 
mined by the foregoing directions, as the population of the said 
county bears ratio to the population of the state, this result to be 
doubled to find the value of said county. 

For any town, such part of the price of the county in which 
it is situated, determined as hereinbefore directed, as the population 
of the town bears ratio to the population of the county, this result 
to be doubled to find the value of said town. 

All sales of licenses, and all territorial sales at less than the 
prices given above, to be subject to our approval by letter oi" tele- 
gram. 

II. All payments for rights thus sold shall be made either in 
cash wholly, or in not loss than one half cash, and one half in good 



(it 

jlromissory notes, to mature within six months from clay of sale, 
and either signed or endorsed by a person or persons of ample 
pecuniary responsibilit}'. All such cash shall be deposited by the 
payer thereof with the nearest bank, oi- responsible private banker, 
payable to the joint order of our said attorney and ourselves, and 
all such promissory notes shall be made in three notes of equal 
amount, payable to the joint order of ourselves and our said attor- 
ney, and delivered to him. Any payment aforesaid in anywise 
deviating from these provisions, to be subject to our approval by 
letter or telegram. 

This power shall remain in force till a written revocation 
thereof shall be recorded on the records of the Patent Office of the 
United States, where this power will be found recorded. 

Witness our hands this \Otk day of Jane, A. D. 1871. 

Witnesses, WILLIAM M. NOBLE, 

Samuel S. Simmons, HUGH R RANSOM. 

Thoman T. Tompkins. 

50 CENT "^y 

BEVENUE STAMP. (^4 




The reader is, probably, not artless enough to need the sug- 
gestion that it is well to put the stated price in the power high 
enough to allow the agent to fall sensibly therefrom, and yet get a 
fair price. There is nothing that will incite a person to buy an 
article so much as to think he is getting it much below its real 
value. 

NO, 3. PEIVATE AGKEEMENT TO ACCO.VPANY POWER OF ATTOKXEV. 

This agreement made this \Qith day of June, 1871, between 
William M. Nohle and Hugh R. Rinsom, party of the first part, 
and Harvey Handy, party of the second part, all of Hartford, Ct., 
Witnesseth, 



62 

I. That the party of the second part agrees to use his best 
endeavors to sell rights under letters patent No. 100,002, dated May 
10, 1871, for the party of the first part, under the terms and condi- 
tions of a power of attorney of even date herewith, from the party 
of the first part to the party of the second part, such endeavors to 
continue until said power of attorney is revoked, or until the party 
of the second part notifies the party of the first part, in writing, 
that he no longer wishes to be bound by this agreement. 

II. The party of the first part agrees to pay to the party of 
the second part one third part of all the proceeds from said sales, 
as remuneration for his services in this behalf, and this remunera- 
tion shall be due and payable from cash received, as soon as depos- 
ited as provided. in said power of attorney, and from promissory 
notes received, as soon as the same are delivered to the party of the 
second part, the party of the second part to retain as his property 
one of the three said equal promissory notes, and to immediately 
forward the other two to party of the first part. This allowance 
to be in full of all charges whatsoever, in this behalf, against party 
of the first part, and said party of the second part is to bear his 
own expenses, of whatever nature. 

In witness whereof the said parties have hereto set their 
hands this 10^7^ day of June, A. D. 1871. 

Witnesses, Si^*f=-%=«^ WILLIAM M. NOBLE, 

Samuel 8. Simmons, %^^^^^;% HUGH B. BANSOM, 

Thos. T. Tompkins. ^(^^I^^ HABVET HANDY. 

Both parties should have one of these agi-eements, which 
should be made in duplicate for that purpose ; of course, this 
agreement is for nothing but private use, and is not to be shown 
generall3^ 



63 

NO. 4. REVOCATION OF POWER OF ATTORNEY. 

Having, on the ]Oth day of June, 1871, appointed Harvey 
Handy, of Hartford, Conn., our attorney to sell rights under letters 
patent No. 100,002, dated May 10, 1871, for us, we dp hereby, for 
full and sufficient reasons, revoke said power of attorney to him, 
and declare his authority to act for us in any manner to be at an 
end. 

Witness our hands this Uh day of July, A. D. 1871, at Hart- 
ford, Conn. 

Witnesses, WM. M. NOBLE, 

Sam. S. Simmons, HUGH R. RANSOM. 

Thos. T. Tompkins. 



NO. 5. POWER OF ATTORNEY TO SELL RIGHTS, C, O. D. 

I, Charles Cautious, of Hartford, Conn., owner of letters 
patent of the United States No. 102,201, dated February 2Wi, 1871, 
hereby authorize Hiram Handy, of said Hartford, to sell assign- 
ments, grants and licenses under said patent, such sales to be 
approved by me before becoming valid, upon which approval in 
each case, I will send the necessary assignment, grant or license, 
duly executed by me, b}^ express to said Handy, accompanied with 
instructions to the carrier to allow said Handy, and the buyer or 
buyers of any such right, to examine such conveyance, and upon 
delivery of the same, to collect for return to me such money, notes, 
or articles as I am to receive in consideration of such sale. 

Signed and sealed by me, this Zlst day of June, A. D. 1871. 
g^^!».^^,^a,,=^^5=,;3.;=^^^^ CHARLES CAUTLOUS, 

^p 50 CENT C^l 

^ REVENUE STAMP. (J^ 



All powers of attorney to sell rights, and all revocations 
thereof, should be recorded at the Patent Office, so that buyers may 




64 

have full notice of a revocation, and be protected thereagainst. 
Notwithstanding the provision in the power of attorney ^'lat *he 
attorney shall only sell for cash and notes, it is well to agree ver- 
bally that he may sell for real estate, subject, of course, to approval 
by letter or telegram, and when this is done, the deed for the same 
can be made to the joint names of the owner, or owners, of the 
patent and the attorney, and the land can afterward be divided, if 
not satisfactorily sold for cash, allowing the attorney one-third, as 
in other cases. If articles of personal property, as produce, horses, 
diamonds, etc., are offered in exchange for rights, it is best to take 
them, and then bell them for cash. 



MORTGAGE OF PATENTS. 

Although the patent law does not expressly provide for 
mortgage of patents, it plainly indicates that such mortgages can be 
made, for the last part of section 36, Act of July 8, J 870, reads. 

" — and said assignment, grant, or conveyance shall be void, as 
against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee, for a valuable con- 
sideration," etc., etc. 

This may sometimes avaU as a security whereon to borrow 
money, and the following is a form : 

NO. 1 . FOKM FOE MOETGAGE OF PATENT. 

In consideration of five hundred dollars, to me paid by 
Chauncey C. CoUon, of Canton,, Connecticut, I do hereb}'' assign 
and mortgage to said Chauncey C. Cotton, a'l my right, title and 
interest in and to a certain invention in rakes, as fully set forth and 
described in letters pj^tent of the United States No. 100.003, dated 



65 



January 29, 1871, of which iavention and letters patent I am sole 
owner. 

The condition of this assignment is such that whereas, I am 
justly indebted to said Colton in the sum of five hundred dollars, as 
evidenced by my promissory note of even date herewith, payable to 
said CoUoii, or order, one year from date, with interest ; now, if 
said note shall be well and truly paid according to its tenor, then 
this assignment and mortgage shall be null and void ; otherwise to 
be of full force and effect. 

In witness whereof I hereto set my hand and seal this 10/A 
day of June, 1871. 

Witnesses, 
Barton B. Brown, 
Charles C. Colter. 

State of Connecticut^) „„ TT.^,4jy^^^ Tw^.ia^;, iqti 
County of Hartford/^ ^'- ^^«^'^^^^' ^^'^^ ^0^^., 18/1. 

Then personally appeared before me, the subscribing author- 
ity, Abram Anderson, signer and sealer of the foregoing instru- 
ment, and acknowledged the same to be his free act and deed. 

DARIVS D. DERBY, 
Clerk of the Superior Court 
for said County. 



ABRAM ANDERSON, 





Since that an assignment of a patent needs not to be sealed, 
witnessed nor acknowledged, perhaps the same formalities can be 
dispensed with in a mortgage, but as such a mortgage can probably 
be foreclosed in a state court, if not put within the jurisdiction of a 



66 



federal court, by matters extrinsic from the patent law, it is safest 
to make such a mortgage conform to the mortgage laws of the state 
Avithin which the mortgage is executed, and the laws of most, if not 
all the states require that a mortgage, shall be sealed, witnessed and 
acknowledged. The form of -witnessing and acknowledgement 
given above, is the proper one for the state of Connecticut. In 
executing a mortgage in another state, the mortgage should con- 
form, in these particulars, to the local law, which does not, how- 
ever, vary much in the different states. 

An acknowledgement before a Justice of the Peace, or a 
Notary Public, or other officer authorized to take acknowledgments, 
will be valid, but it is better to acknowledge before the Clerk of a 
court of record, for then his signature and seal will not generally 
need any further authentication for any purpose, while that of a 
justice, notary, or other officer, may. These mortgages require rev- 
enue stamps to the extent of fifty cents for every five hundred 
dollars of consideration, or fractional part thereof ; thus, a mort- 
gage for $2, GOO dollars would require $3.00 in stamps, five fifty 
cent stamps for the first $2,500, and fifty cents for $100 in excess 
thereof. 



HUTS UFOl IjfYEITIOF. 



AND 



KINDRED MATTERS. 



BOHo^itwimmm 



HOW TO INVENT. 

It is beyond the scope of this work hterally to teach how to 
invent ; it is bej^oncl the scope, or power, of any work to do this, 
jvfo mere words can endow a brain with the subtle power of evolv- 
ing from its inner self positive intellectual creations. 

If this power could be imparted and conveyed by words, 
invention would soon cease to attract unusual attention, or to have 
any extraordinary money value ; for, then, the science of invention 
would be taught in the schools, would be formulated in the books, 
and when an invention should be found needful, the person needing 
it would simply consult such books, or counsel with the professor 
of the science, and, presto, the required article would vault, full 
grown, upon the scene. 

Invention, like poetry, sculpture and painting, is a gift, an 
endowment of nature, often rising to the height of genius. Like all 
other gifts, it can be cultivated and strengthened by exercise, till 
the acquired power as little resembles the original crude gift, as the 
oak, which has breasted a thousand storms, does the acorn from 
which it originally sprung. 

This gift is, probably, the possession, in a greater or less 
degree, of all human beings of sound mind, nor does it seem to 
require inventive capacity of the highest order to produce impor- 
tant inventions. More than one invention, which has made its 
originator rich, famous, and all but immortal, has been the product 
of minds that lay no claim to kinship with genius. That quality of 
mind and character, which led Charles Gcodyear to pursue for 
years, the ignis fatuus of hard rubber, till in a happy moment he 
stumbled upon the coveted secret, can hardly be called genius. 
Peter Cooper is well known as a successful inventor ; he is not. 



however, it is believed, ranked as a genius. That inventors ^ve 
sometimes geniuses, it is not necessary to say. The names of such 
as Whitney, Ericsson and Blanchard are too familiar. Still, it is 
true that most men and women can become inventors of that which 
will net them wealth, if not fame, by the aid of Attention and 
Peeseyeranoe. 

Attention, constant, careful and thoughtful attention to 
what is going on in the world about one, will soon enable him to 
discover many little gaps which it is needful to fill with an inven- 
tion, some small practical improvement, it may be, which, if it can 
be cheaply made, and effective in operation, will fill a general want, 
and thus command an extensive sale. 

Having thus, by the aid of attention, discovered where an 
invention is needed, steady Perseverance in holding the matter in 
mind, all the while intently striving to devise a contrivance to fill 
the need, will, sooner or later, result in making the desired inveu- 
■ tion. The inventor, gifted by nature with a genius for his art, has, 
prominent among all his other powers, that of projecting before his\ 
mind's eye, upon an invisible background of imagination, a picture J 
bold and sharp, of the offspring of his brain. But for all this, no 
one need be discouraged, if he spoils scores of fair sheets of pai)er 
with his sketches, and dozens of shapely blocks of wood with his 
knife and gimlet, before he demonstrates to his own satisfaction, 
that his invention will work. 



PRINCIPAL REQUISITES OF AN INVENTION. 

It Must Work. — Upon this point of the practical working 
of a new device, an inventor can hardly be too severe or critical 
with himself — he must not give over his efforts till he is sure, 
beyond a doubt, that his invention Avill practically supply the want 
for which he has designed it, irrespective of any ot those little 
allowances that inventors arc apt to make for these children of 



71 

their brain. Tliere maybe cases where an invention will be pecun- 
iarily successful, when, though it may not work perfectly, it is yet 
the best thing so far found for the purpose for which it is designed. 
This is, obviously, a poor dependence, for it will probably be com- 
paratively easy for some future inventor to perfect the incomplete 
invention, and thus destroy the first inventor's prospects. 

It must be as Simple as Possible. — There are many people, 
among them some inventors, who seem to think that a complicated 
arrangement of wheels and levers is the thing to be desired in a new 
invention. A greater mistake was never made ; to attain the 
utmost simplicity is the test of genius in invention, and a prime 
desideratum. Simplicity in an article cheapens the cost of its pro- 
duction, and makes it a formidable competitor for its rivals. The 
difference of a cent or two in the first cost of an article often deter- 
mines its success in the market. 

Simplicity also tbnds to make an article grow in favor with 
those who use it ; it is the more easily understood, and less liable to 
breaka2;e. 



SMALL INVENTIONS. 

lie who aspires to be ranked as a great inventor may, per- 
haps, best apply himself to the production of some complicate me- 
chanism, which shall take rank beside the steam engine, the solar 
engine, Blanchard's lathe for irregular forms, and the like, but 
those who will be satisfied with money returns may safely confine 
themselves to small inventions, Avhich remedy some defect in some 
contrivance already in use, or supply some domestic, business or 
agricultural want. 

Good toys, well pushed, are sure to prove remunerative ; the 
return ball is a favorite instance. Househould articles have the 
most extensive market of anj'thing ; immense fortunes are, obvi- 
ously, being made from the fruit jars now so common. SnifiU 



72 



articles require but little capital for their manufacture and introduc- 
tion, while complicate and costly machines can only be successfully 
handled by parties of large means. 



INVENTION AS A TRADE. 

No one should make invention the main business of his 
life, his reliance for a livelihood, till he is possessed of so much of 
this world's goods, that he will not suffer, if he never realizes 
a dollar from his inventions. Otherwise he will be very likely to 
speedily have his face hard down upon the grindstone, which has 
for ages ground the faces of the poor, but, as yet, gives no sign of 
diminution in the speed of its revolution, or of wearing away by 
attrition. Let him devote every evening in the year, if he will, to 
invention, and ponder upon it at every spare moment in the day, 
but let him not relax his industry in his regular occupation, till he 
is in such circumstances that it matters but little whether he ever 
toils. The writer has in mind, in saying this, two men whom 
he has known, both of them gifted with considerable power of 
invention, men of many admirable qualities of character, good 
mechanics, whose services are always in demand, and who are 
capable of earning, with but ordinary industry, more than enough 
to support themselves and their families, in ease and comfort, but 
who are continually at their Avits' end to pay their rent, and to pro- 
cure but the commonest necessaries of life ; all because they will 
constantly neglect their regular work, to give form and substance 
to the creations of their brains. Not only does the course they 
pursue make them exceedingly uncomfortable in the mere matter of 
living, but it effectually deprives them of the chance of ever accu- 



mulatino; the small amount of funds necessary to perfect the small- 
est invention, and introduce it to the public nolice. 



CHEAP AND EFFICIENT PROTEC- 
TION. 

In Mrs. Glass' Cook Book, under the head of " How to cook 
a Hare," the primary direction is, " First calch your hare." The 
inventor having caught his hare, iu that he has made his invention, 
will next naturally proceed to cook it, that is, to realize some good 
from it. The first step in this direction is to secure protection, and 
a most advisable preliminary move is to assemble three or four 
intelligent and reliable friends, explain to them the model or draw- 
ing of the newly invented device, and then have them all sign a 
paper substantially like the following : 

"Hartford, Conn.', January 2d, 1871. 
" John Smith has this day explained to us, so that we fully 
understand the same, the model (or drawing) of a Washing Ma- 
chine that he claims to have invented. 

JAMES JONES, 
CHARLES BROWN, 
HENRY ROBINSON." 

This paper should be carefully kept, for in the future it may 
prove of great value in establishing the inventor's priority, in point 
of time, over some competitor. This proceeding will be found 
especially valuable, if any considerable time is allowed to elapse 
after the invention is made, before a patent is applied for. 



74 



The patent law allows an invention to go into public use and 
sale for two years before application for a patent, but it is probably 
never advisable to take advantage of this privilege, unless forced to 
it by necessity. It is better to keep the invention secret till the 
funds for procuring a patent can be acquired in some other way. 



ABOUT SOLICITORS. 

A few words about professional solicitors of patents may not 
be inappropriate, for it is advisable for almost all persons to avail 
themselves of the services of a faithful soUcitor, in such securing 
patents. 

In America, the practice of soliciting letters patent for iu^-e^- 
tions, has been, and is being largely carried on by unprofessional 
persons. Men who have neither paid earnest and persevering 
attention to the mechanic arts, nor have mastered the details of the 
legal profession, have deemed themselves fully competent to under- 
take this delicate and difficult Avork, which, beyond question, 
demands a thorough knowledge of all mechanical and chemical 
terms and processes in general use, a fair knowledge of the law in 
genera], and an accurate knowledge of the patent law in particular. 

This evil had become so aggravated, as to cause the Commis- 
sioner of Patents, Hon. S. S. Fisher, in his annual report for 18(;it, 
to take notice of it, as will be seen by the following 

EXTRACT : 

" Where establishments are organized for the purpose of pro- 
curing patents, they are apt to become more solicitous about the 
number than the quality of those which they obtain. This tendency 



/i) 



is aggravated by those who solicit patenis upon contingent fees, or 
who, without special training or qualifications, adopt this business 
as an incident to a claim agency, and press for patents as they press 
for back pay and pensions. Such men are often more desirous of 
obtaining a patent of any kind, and by any means, than they are of 
obtaining one which shall be of any value to their clients. Invent- 
ors are often poor, uneducated, and lacking in legal knowledge. 
They desire a cheap solicitor, and do not know how to choose a 
good one. They are pleased with the parchment and the seal, and 
are not themselves able to j udge of the scope or value of the grant. 
Honest and skillful solicitors, with a thorough knowledge of the 
practice of the office, and of patent law, and who are able and 
willing to advise their clients as to the exact value of the patents 
which they can obtain for them, may be of much service to invent- 
ors. There are many such, but those who care for nothing but to 
give them something called a patent, that they may secure their 
own fee, have in too many instances proved a curse. To get rid of 
their client and of trouble, they have sometimes been content to 
take less than he was entitled to, while in many cases they have, 
with much self laudation, presented him with the shadow, when the 
substance was beyond his reach. " 

The following is from the Patent Office " Rules and Regula- 
tions" on this subject : 

" Any person of intelligence and good moral character may 
appear as the attorney in fact, or agent of an applicant, upon filing 
a proper power of attorney. As the value of patents depends 
largely upon the careful preparation of the specification and claims, 
the assistance of competent counsel will, in most cases, be of 
advantage to the applicant, but the value of their services will be 
proportioned to their skill and honesty. So many persons have 
entered this profession of late years without experience, that too 
much care cannot be exercised in the selection of a competent man. 
The office cannot assume responsibility for the acts of attorneysj 



nor can it assist applicants in making a selection. It will, how- 
ever, be a safe rule to distrust those who boast of the possession ©f 
special and peculiar facilities in the office, for procuring patents in 
a shorter time, or with more extended claims than others." 
From which it is very eas}- to draw the following 
Moral.— In selecting a solicitor, find one who has had some 
special training for his business, and whose integrity is to ])e relied 
upon. 



O IE ISr S TJ s 



OF T>IE 



UNITED STATES, 
'1870. 



CENSUS 

OF THE 

UMited States, toy Coimties, for 187®. 



50,722 square miles. 

MarshaU 9,871 

MobUe 49,311 

Montgomery 43,704 

Morgan 12,187 

Monroe 14,214 

Perry 24,975 

Pickens 17,690 

Pike 17,423 

Randolph 12,006 

Russell .*. . 21,636 



ALABAMA— Area, 

Autauga 11,623 Dallas 40,705 

Baker 6,194 DeKalb 7,126 

Baldwin 6,004 Elmore 14,477 

Barbour 23,309 Escambia 4,041 

Bibb 7,469 Etowah 10,109 

Blount 9,945 Fayette 7,136 

Bullock 24,474 FrankUn 8,006 

Butler 14,981 Geneva 2,959 

Calhoun 13,980 Greene 18,399 

CTiambers 17,562 Hale 21,792 

Cherokee 11,132 Henry 14,191 1 Sandford 8,893 

Choctaw 12,676 Jackson 19,410 Shelby 12,218 

Clark 14,663 Jefiferson 12,345 St. Clair 9,360 

Clay 9,560 ILauderdale 15,091 Sumter 24,109 

Cleburne 8,017 ^ Lawrence 16,658 TaUadega 18,064 



Coffee 6,171 

Colbert 12,537 

Couecub 9,574 

Coosa 11,945 



Lee 21,750 Tallapoosa 16,963 

Limestone 15,017 1 Tuscaloosa 20,081 

Lowndes 25,719|Walker 6,543 

Macon 17,727 1 Washington 3,912 

Covington 4,868 JMadison 31,267|Wilcox 28,377 

Crenshaw 11,156 jMarengo 26,151 i Winston 4,155 

Dale ll,325|Marion 6,0591 Total 996,992 

ARKANSAS— Area, 52,198 square miles. 

Arkansas 8,268 Franklin 9,627 Montgomery 2,984 



Ashley 8,042 jFulton 4,843 

Benton 13,831 [Grant 3,943 

Boone 7,032 [Green 7,573 



Bradley 8,646 1 Hempstead 13,768 PhiUips , 

Calhoun 3,853 

Carroll 5,780 

Chicot 7,214 

Clark 11,953 

Columbia 11,397 

Conway 8,112 

Crawford 8,957 

Crittenden 3,831 

Craighead 4,577 

Cross 3,915 

Dallas 5,707 

Desha 6,125 



Newton 4,374 

Oauchita 12,975 

Perry 2,685 



15,372 

Hot Springs 5,877 Pike 3,788 

Independence 14,566 Poinsett 1,720 

Izard 6,806 Polk 3,376 

Jackson 7,268[Pope 8,386 

Jefferson 15,733 Prairie 5,604 

Johnson 9,152 [ Pulaski 32,066 

Lafayette 9,139 Randolph 7,466 

Lawrence 5,981 St. Francis 6,714 

Little River 3,236 SaUne 3,911 

Madison 8,231 Scott 7,483 

Marion 3,979 Searcy 5,614 

Mississippi 3,633 Sebastian 12,940 



Prew 9,960|Monroe 8,336 Sevier 4,492 



82 



Sharpe 5,400 i Washington 17,266 1 Woodruff 6,891 

Unkn 10,571:White 10,3-17|YelI 8,048 

Van Buren 5,107 | Total 484,471 



CALIFORNIA— Area, 188,981 

Alameda 'i4,-237 Mariu (),903 

Alpine 685 Mariposa 4,572 

Amador 9,582 Mendocino 7,545 

Butte 11,403 Merced 2,807 

Calaveras 8,805 Mono 430 

Colusa 6,165 Monterey 9,876 

Contra Costa 8,461 Napa 7,163 

Del Norte 2,022 Nevada 19, 134 

El Dorado 10,309 Placer 11,357 

Fresno 6,336 Plumas 4,489 

Humboldt 6,140 Sacramento 26,830 

Inyo 1,95() San Bernardino 3,988 

Kern 2,925 , San Diego 4,951 

Klamath 1,686 San Francisco 149,473 

Lake 2,969 [San Joaquin 21,050 

Lassen 1,327 \ San L. Obispo 4,772 

Los Angelos 15,309 1 San Mateo 6,635 



square miles. 

Santa Barbara 7,784 

Santa Clara 26,246 

Santa Cruz 8,743 

Shasta 4,173 

Siera 5,619 

Siskiyou 6,848 

Solano 16,871 

Sonoma 19,819 

Stanislaus 6,499 

; Sutter 5,030 

Tehama 3,587 

Trinity 3,213 

Tulare 4,533 

Tuolumne 8,150 

Yolo 9,899 

Yuba 10,851 

Total 560,247 



CONNECTICUT— Area, 4,674 square miles. 

Fairfield 95,276 , Middlesex 36,099 Tolland 22,000 

Hartford 109,007iNe\v Haven 121,257 Windham 38,518 

Litchfield 48,727|New London 66,570| Total 537,454 

DELAWARE— Area, 2,120 square miles. 

Kent 29,804 New Castle 63,515 Sussex 31,696 

Total 125,015 



FLORIDA 

Alachua 17,328 

Baker 1,325 

Bradford 3,671 

Brevard 1,216 

Calhoun 998 

Clay 2,098 

Columbia 7,335 

Dade 85 

Duval 11.921 

Escambia 7,817 

Franklin 1,256 

Gadsden 9,802 

Hamilton 5,749 

Total 



— Area, 59,268 square miles. 

Hernando 2,938 Nassau 4,247 

Hillsboro 3,216 lOrauge 2,195 

Holmes 1,572 Polk 3,169 

Jackson 9,528 Putnam 3,821 

Jefferson 13,398 Santa Rosa 3,312 

La Fayette 1,783 St. John's 2,618 

Leon 15,236 Sumter 2,952 

Levy 2,018 Suwannee 3,556 

Liberty 1,050 Taylor 1,453 

Madison 11,121 Volusia 1,723 

Manatee 1,931 Wakulla 2,506 

Marion 10,804 Walton 3,041 

Monroe 5,657 j Washington 2.302 

187,748 



GEORGIA— Area, 68,000 square miles. 

Appling 5,086 Bibb 21,255 Calhoun 5,503 

Bdker 6,843 Brooks 8,342 Camden 4,615 

Baldwin 10,618 Bryan 5,252 Campbell 9,176 

Banks 4,973 Bullock 5,610 Carroll 11,782 

Bartow 16,566 1 Burke 17,679 Catoosa 4,409 

Berrien 4,518|Butts 6,941 1 Charlton 1,897 



83 



Chatham 41,279 

Chattahoocliee 6,059 

Chattooga 6,902 

Cherokee 10,399 

Clarke 12,9il 

Clay 5,493 

Claj-ton 5,477 

Cliuch 3.945 

Cobb 13,814 

Coffee 3,192 

Colquitt 1,654 

Columbia 13,529 

Coweta 15,875 

Crawford 7,557 

Dade 3.033 

Dawson 4,369 

Decatur 15,183 

DeKalb 10,014 

Dooly 9,790 

Dougherty 11,517 

Early 6,998 

Echols 1,978 

Etfingham 4,214 

Elbert 9,249 

Emanuel 6,131 

Fannin 5,429 

Fayette 8,221 

Floyd 17,230 

Forsvth 7,983 

Franklin.. 7,893 

Fulton 33,446 

Gihner 6,644 

Glascock 2,736 

Glynn 5,376 

Gordon 9,268 

Greene 12,454 

Gwinnett : 12,431 

Habersham 6,322 

Total 



Hall 9,607 

Hancock 11,317 

Haralson 4,004 

Harris 13,284 

Hart 6,783 

Heard 7,866 i 

Henry 10,102! 

Houston 20,406 

Irwin 1,837 

Jackson 11,181 

Jasper 10,439 

Jefferson 12,110 

Johnson 2,964 

Jones ^. 9,436 

Laurens 7,834 

Lee 9,567 

Liberty 7,688 

Lincoln 5,413 

Lowndes 8,321 

Lumpkin 5,161 

Macon 11,458 

.Madison 5,227 

Marion 8,C0 J 

Mcintosh 4,4yi 

Meriwether 13,756 

Miller 3,091 

Milton 4,284 

Mitchell 6,633 

Monroe 17,213 

Montgomery 3,586 

Morgan 10,69(5 

:Murray 6,500 

Muscogee 16,663 

Newtoii 14,615 

Oglethorpe 11,782 

Paulding 7,639 

Pickens 5,317 

iPierce 2,778 



Pike 

Polk 

Pulaski 

Putnam 

Quitman . . . , 

Rabun 

Randolph . . . 
Richmond . . 

Schley 

Scriven 

Spalding . . . . 

Stewart 

Sunter 

Tall ot 

Taliaierro. . . 

TatnaU 

Taylor 

Telfair 

Terrell 

Thomas 

To^^•ns 

Troup 

Twiggs 

Union 

Upson 

Walker 

Walton 

Ware 

Warren .... 
Washington . 

Wayne 

Webster . . . . 

White 

Whitfield . . 

Wilcox 

Wilkes 

^^ ilkinson . . 
Worth 



ILLINOIS — Area, 56,405 square miles. 

Adams 56,362 Cowles 25,23:) Fulton 

Alexander 10,564 Cook 349,966 Gallatin 

Bond 13,152 Crawford 13,889 Greene 

Boone 12,942 Cumberland 12,223 Grundy 

Brown 12,205 De Kalb 23,265 Hamilton 

Bureau 32,415 De Witt 14,768 Hancock 

Calhoun 6.562 Douglas 13,484 Hardin 

Carroll 16,705 Du Page 16,685 Henderson 

Cass 11,580 Edgar 21,450 Henry 

Champaign 32,737 Edwards 7,565 Iroquois 

Christian 20,363 Effingham 15,653 Jackson 

Clark 18,719 1 Fayette 19,638 Jasper 

Clav 15,875'Ford 9,103 Jefferson 

Clinton 16,285 1 Franklin 12,652 Jersey 



.. 10,905 

. . 7,822 

.. 11,940 

.. 10,461 

.. 4,150 

. . 3,256 

.. 10,561 

. . 25,724 

. . 5,129 

.. 9,175 

. . 10,205 

.. 14,204 

.. 16,5;:.9 

.. 11,913 

. . 4,796 

. . 4,860 

. . 7,143 

. . 3,245 

. . 9,053 

.. 14,523 

. . 2,780 

. . 17,632 

. . 8,545 
5,'_67 

. . 9,430 

. . 9,925 

.. 11,038 

. . 2,286 

.. 10,545 

.. 15,842 

. .. 2,177 

.. 4,677 

. . 4,()06 

. 10,117 

. . 2,439 

.. 11,796 

. . 9,383 

. . 3,778 
.1,184,109 



38,291 
11,134 
20,277 
14,938 
13,014 
35,935 
5,113 
12,582 
35,506 
25,782 
19,634 
11,234 
17,864 
15,054 



84 



Jo Daviess 27,820 

Johnson 11, '248 

Kane 39,091 

Kankakee 24,352 

KeudaU 12,399 

Knox 39,522 

Lake 21,014 

La SaUe 60,792 

Lawrence 12 533 

Lee 27,171 

Livingston 31,471 

Logan 23.053 

Macon 26,481 

Macoupin 32,726 

Madison 44,131 

Marion 20,622 

Marshall 16,956 

Mason 16,184 

Massac 9,581 

McDonongh 26,509 

Total 



McHeury 23,762 

McLean 53,988 

Menard 11,735| 

Mercer 18,769 

Monroe 12,982 

Montgomery 25,314 

Morgan 28,463 

Moultrie 10,385 

Ogle 27,492 

Peoria 47,540 

Perry 13,723 

Piatt 10,953 

Pike ■ 30,768 

Pope 11,437 

Pulaski 8,752 

Putnam 6,280 

Randolph 20,859 

Richland 12,803 

Rock Island 29,783 

Saline 12,714| 



Sangamon 46,352 

Schuyler 17,419 

Scott 10,530 

Shelby 25,476 

Stark 10,751 

St, Clair 51,068 

Stephenson 30,608 

Tazewell 27,903 

Union 16,518 

Vermillion 30,388 

Wabash 8,841 

Warren 23,174 

Washington 17,599 

Wayne 19,758 

White 16,846 

Whitesides 27,503 

Will 43,013 

Williamson 17,329 

Winnebago 29,301 

Woodford 18,956 

2,539,891 



INDIANA— Area, 33,809 Square miles. 

Adams 11,382 Hendricks 20,277 iPike 13,779 



Allen 43,494 Henry 22,986 

Bartholomew 21,133 Howard 15,847 

Benton 5,615 Huntington 19,036 

Blackford 6,272 Jackson 18,974 

Boone 22,593 Jasper 6,354 

Brown 8,681 Jay 15,000 

Carroll 16,152 Jefferson 29,741 



Cass 24,193 

Clarke 24,770 

Clay 19,084 

Clinton 17,330 

Crawford 9,851 

Daviess 16,747 

Dearborn 24,116 

Decatur 19,053 

DeKalb 17,167 

Delaware 19,030 

Dubois 12,597 

Elkhart 26,026 

Fayette 10,476 

Floyd 23,300 

Fountain 16,389 

Franklin 20,223 

Fulton 12,726 

Gibson 17,371 

Grant 18,487 

Greene 19,514 

Hamilton 20,882 



Jennings 16,218 

Johnson 18,366 

Knox 21,562 

Kosciusko 23,531 

La Grange 14,148 

Lake 12,339 

La Porte 27,062 

Lawrence 14,628 

Madison 22,770 

Marion 71,939 

Marshall 20,211 

Martin 11,103 

Miami 21,052 

Monroe 14,168 

Montgomery 23,765 

Morgan 17,528 

Newton 5,829 

Noble 20,389 

Ohio 5,837 

Orange 13,497 

Owen 16,137 



Hancock 15,123 Parke 18,166 

Harrison 19,913lPerry 14,801 



Porter 13,942 

Posey 19,185 

Pulaski 7,801 

Putnam 21,514 

Randolph 22,862 

Ripley 20,977 

Rush 17,626 

Scott 7,873 

Shelby 21,892 

Spencer 17,998 

Starke 3,888 

Steuben 12,854 

St. Joseph 25,322 

SulUvan 18,453 

Switzerland 12,134 

Tippecanoe 33,515 

Tipton 11,953 

Union 6,341 

Vanderburg 33,145 

Vermillion 10,840 

Vigo 33,594 

Wabash 21,305 

Warren 10,204 

Warrick 17,653 

Washington 18,495 

Wayne 34,048 

WeUs 13,585 

^Tiite 10,554 

Whitley 14,399 

Total 1,680,687 



8^ 



IOWA— 

Adair 3,982 

Adams 4,614 

Allamakee 17,868 

Appanoose 16,456 

Audubon 1,212 

Benton 22,454 

Black Hawk 21,706 

Boone 14,584 

Bremer 12,528 

Buchanan 17,034 

Buena Vista 1,585 

Butler 9,951 

Calhoun 1,602 

Carroll 2,451 

Cass 5,464 

Cedar 19,731 

Cerro Gordo 4,722 

Cherokee 1,967 

Chickasaw 10,180 

Clarke 8,735 

Clay 1,523 

Clayton 27,771 

CUnton 35,357 

Crawford 2,530 

Dallas 12,019 

Davis 15,565 

Decatur 12,018 

Delaware 17,432 

Des Moines 27,256 

Dickinson 1,389 

Dubuque 38,969 

Emmett 1,392 

Fayette 16,973 



Area, 50,914 square miles. 



Floyd 10,768 Monona. 

Franklin 4,738 ' 

Fremont 11,174 

Greene 4,627 

Grundy 6,399 

Guthrie 7,061 

Hamilton 6,055 

Hancock 999 

Hardin 13,684 

Harrison 8.931 

Henry 21,463 

Howard 6,282 

Humboldt 2,596 

Ida 226 

Iowa 16,644 

Jackson 22,619 

Jasper 22,116 

Jefferson 17,839 

Johnson 24,898 

Jones 19,731 

Keokuk 19,434 

Kossuth 3,351 

Lee 37,210 

Linn 28,852 

Louisa 12,877 

Lucas 10,388 

Lyon 221 

Madison 13,884 

Mahaska ,. 22,508 

Marion 24,436 

MarshaU 17,576 

Mills 8,718 

Mitchell 9,582 



Monroe 
Montgomery . . 

Muscatine 

O'Brien 

Page 

Palo Alto 

Plymouth 

Pocahontas . . . 

Polk 

Pottawattamie . 

Poweshiek 

Ringgold 

Sac 

Scott 

Shelby 

Sioux 

Story 

Tama 

Taylor 

Union 

Van Buren 

Wapello 

Warren 

Washington . . . 

Wayne 

Webster 

Winnebago . . . 
Winneshiek . . . 
Woodbury . . . . 

Worth 

Wright 

Total . . . , 



. . 8,654 
. .. 12,724 
, . , 5,934 
. . 21,688 

715 
. . 9,975 
.. 1,336 
. . 2,199 
.. 1,446 
., 27,857 
.. 16,893 
.. 15,581 
. . 5,691 
. . 1,411 
,.. 38,599 
... 2,540 

576 
.. 11,651 
. .. 16,131 
. . . 6,989 
. . 5,986 
.. 17,672 
.. 22,346 
.. 17,980 
.. 18,952 
. .. 11,287 
.. 10,484 
. . 1,562 
. . . 23,570 
... 6,172 
. . 2,892 
. . 2,392 
.1,191,792 



KANSAS — Area, 78,418 square miles. 



Allen 7,022 

Anderson 5,220 

Atchison 15,507 

Barton 2 

Bourbon 15,076 

Brown 6,823 

Butler 3,035 

Chase 1,975 

Cherokee 11,038 

Clay 2,942 

Cloud 2,323 

Coffey 6,201 

Cowley 1,175 

Crawford 8,160 

DaTls 5,526 

Dickinson 3,043 



Doniphan 13,969 

Douglass 20,592 

Ellis 1,336 

Ellsworth 1,185 

Ford 427 

Franklin 10,385 

Greenwood 3,484 

Howard 2,704 

Jackson 6,053 

Jefferson 12,526 

Jewell 207 

Johnson 13,684 

Labette 9,973 

Leavenworth 32,444 

Lincoln 516 

Linn 13,174 



Lyon 


... 8,014 


Marion 


768 


Marshall 


... 6,901 


McPherson 


738 


Miami 


... 11,725 


Mitchell 


485 


Montgomery 


... 7,564 


Morris 


. . 2,225 


Nemeha 


. . 7,339 


Neosho 


.. 10,206 


Ness 


2 


Osage 


. . 7,648 


Osborne 


33 


Ottawa 


. . 2,127 


Pawnee 


179 


Pottawattamie . . . 


. . 7,848 



86 



Republic 1,281] Shawnee 13,131 

Rice 5 1 Smith 6fi 

Rileey 5,105 ' Sumner 22 

Russell 156[Trego 166 

Sahne 4,246 Wabaunsee 3,362 



Sedgwick 1,095| 



Wallace 538 

Washington 4,081 

Wilson 6,694 

Woodson 3,827 

Wyandotte 10,015 



Total 364,399 



KENTUCKY— Area, 37,680 square miles. 



Adair 11,065 Graves . . . 

Allen 10,296 Grayson . 

Anderson 5,449 Green 

Ballard 12,576 Greenup 

Barren 17,780 Hanoock 



Bath... 10,145 

Boone 10,696 

Bourbon 14,863 

Boyd 8,573 

Boyle 9,515 

Bracken 11,409 

Breathit 5,672 

Breckenridge 13,440 

BuUitt 7,781 

Butler 9,404 

Caldwell 10,826 

Callaway 9,410 

Campbell 27,406 

Carroll 6,189 

Carter 7,509 

Casey 8,884 

Christian 23,227 

Clark 10,882 

Clay 8,297 

Clinton 6,497 

Crittenden 9,381 

Cumberland 7,690 

Daviess 20,714 

Edmonson 4,459 

EUiott 4,433 

Estill 9,198 

Fayette 26,656 

Fleming 13.398 

Floyd 7,877 

Franklin 15,300 

Fultan 6,161 

Gallatin 5,074 

Garrard 10,376 

Grant 9,529 



19,398 Menifee 

11,580 Mercer 

9,379 Metcalfe 

11,463 Monroe 

6,591 Montgomery. 

Morgan 

Muhlenburg . 

Nelson 

Nicholas 

Ohio 

Oldham 

Owen 

Owsley 

Pendleion 

Perry 

Pike 

Powell ...... 

Pulaski 

Robertson . . . 

Rock Castle . 



Hardin 15,705 

Harlan 4,415 

Harrison ] 2.993 

Hart 13,687 

Henderson 18,457 

Henry 11,066 

Hickman 8,453 

Hopkins 13,827 

Jackson 4,547 

Jefferson 118,953 

Jessamine 8,638 

John Bell 3,731 

Johnson 7,494 

Kenton 36,096 

Knox; 8,294 

La Rue 8,235 Rowan 

Laurel 6,016 RusseU . 

Lawrence 8,497 Scott . . . 

Lee 3,058 Shelby.. 

Letcher 4,608 Simpson 

Lewis 9,115 Spencer . 

Lincoln 10,947 j Taylor . . 

Livingston 8,200 Todd 

Logan 20,429 " 

Lyon 6,233 

Madison 19,543 

Magoffin 4,684 

Marion 12,838 

Marshall 9,455 

Mason 18,126 

McCracken 13,988 

McLean 7,614 

Meade 9,485 

Total 



Trigg 

Trimble 

Union 

\N'arren 

Washington . 

Wayne 

Webster . . . . 

Whitley 

Wolfe 

Woodford . . . 



1,986 

13,144 

7,934 

9,231 

7,557 

. 5,975 

12,638 

14,804 

9.129 

15,561 

9,027 

14,309 

3,889 

14,030 

4,274 

9,562 

, 2,599 

17,670 

5,399 

7,145 

2,991 

5,809 

11,607 

15,733 

. 9,573 

5,956 

8,226 

12,612 

, 13,686 

5,577 

13,640 

21,742 

12,4()4 

. 10,602 

10,937 

8,279 

3,603 

8,240 

,321.011 



LOUISIANA— Area, 41,255 square miles. 

Ascension v. . 11,577 Bossier 12,675 Cameron 1,591 

Assumption 13,224jCaddo 21,714 Carroll 10,110 

Avoyelles 12.926 Caleasieu 6,73J Catahoiila 8,475 

Bienville 10,6361 Caldwell 4,820 1 Claiborne 20,240 



87 

Concordia 9,977 1 Morehouse 9,387 St. Landry 25,553 

De Soto 14,962] Natchitoches 18,265 St. Martin 9,370 

East Baton Rouge. . 17,816 Orleans 191,418 St. Mary 13,860 

East Feliciana 13,499 ' Ouachita 11,582 St. Tammany 5,586 

Franklin 5,078 Plaquemines 10,552 Tangipahoa 7,928 

Grant 4,517 Point Coupee 12,981 Tensas 12,419 

Iberia 9,042 Rapides 18,015 Terrebonne 12.441 

IberviUe 12,347 Richland 5,110 Union 11,685 

Jackson 7,646 Sabine 6,456 Vermillion 4,528 

Jefferson 17,767 St. Bernard 3,553 Washington 3,330 

Lafayette 10,388 St. Charles 4,857 West Baton Rouge . . 5,114 

Lafourche 14,719 St. Helena 5,423 West FeUciona 10,499 

Livingston 4,026 St. James 10,152 Winn 5,954 

Madison 8,600 St. John the Baptist 6,762 . Total 726,915 

MAINE — Area, 31,766 square miles. 

Androscoggin 35.866 Knox 30.823 Sagadahoc 18,803 

Aroostook 29,609 Lincoln 25,597 ISomerse i. 34,611 

Cumberland 82,021 Oxford 33,488 Waldo 34,522 

Franklin 18.811 Penobscot 75,150 Washington 43,343 

Hancock 36,495 Piscataquis 14,403 York 69,174 

Keunebec 53,203 Total 626,915 

MARYLAND — Area, 11,124 squara miles. 

AllegauY 38,536 Dorchester 19,458 Queen 16,171 

Aune Arundel 24,457 Frederick 47,572 Saint Mary's 14,944 

Baltimore 330,741 Harford 22,605 Somerset * 18.190 

Calvert 9,865 Howard 14,150 Talbot 16,137 

Caroline 12,101 Kent 17'l02 Washington 34,712 

Carroll 28,619 Montgomery 20,563 Wicomico 15,802 

Cecil 25,874 Prince George's 21 ,138 Worcester 16,419 

Charles 15,738 Total 780,894 

MASSACHUSETTS— Area, 7,800 square miles. 

Barnstable 32,774 FraukUn 32,r' • Norfolk 89,443 

Berkshire 64,827 Hampden 78,4( ;• Plymouth 65,365 

Bristol 102.886 Hampshire 44,388 Suffolk 270,802 

Dukes 3.787 Middlesex 274,353 Worcester 192,716 

Essex 200,843 Nantucket 4,123 Total 1,457,351 

MICHIGAN— Area, 56,243 square miles. 

Alcona 696 Chippewa 1,689 Ionia 27,681 

Allegan 32,105 Clare 366 Iosco 3,163 

Alpena 2,756iCliuton 22,845 Isabella 4,113 

Antrim 1,985 Delta 2,542 Jai^kson 36,047 

Barry 22,199 Eaton 25,171 Kalamazoo 32,054 

Bay 15,900 Emmet 1,211 Kalkaska 424 

Benzie 2,184|Genesee 33,900 Kent 50,403 

Berrien 35,1041 Grand Traverse 4,443 Keweenaw 4,205 

Branch* 26.226 Gratiot 11,810 Lake 548 

Calhoun 36,569 Hillsdale 31,684 Lapeer 21,345 

Cass 21,094! Houghton 13,879 Leelanaw 4,576 

Charlevoix l,724lHuron 9,049 Lenawee 45,595 

Cbeboygau 2,l9C' ilngham 25,268 Li^iugston 19,336 



88 

Mackinac 1,716 Montcalm 13,629 ; Saginaw 39,097 

Macomb 27,616 1 Muskegon 14,894 Sanilac 14,562 

Manistee 6,074 |Newaygo 7,294 Shiawassee 20,858 

Manitou 891 lOakland 40,867 St. Clair 36,661 

Marquette 15,033 iOceana 7,222 St. Joseph 26,275 

Mason 3,263jOgemaw 12iTuscola 13,714 

Mecosta 5,642 ^Ontonagon 2,845iVan Buren 28,829 

Menominee 1,791 Osceola 2,093 1 Washtenaw 41,434 

Midland 3,285 lOscoda 70 {Wayne 119,038 

Missaukee 130|Ottawa 26,651 jWexford 650 

Monroe 27,483 Presque Isle] 355| Tot*! 1,184,059 



MINNESOTA— Area, 96,274 square miles. 



Aitkin 178 

Anoka 3,940 

Becker 308 

Beltrami 80 

Benton 1,558 

Big Stone 24 

Blue Earth 17,302 

Brown 6,396 

Carlton 286 

Carver 11,686 

Cass 380 

Chippewa 1,467 

Chisago 4,358 

Clay 92 

Cottonwood 534 

Crow Wing 200 

Dakota 16,312 

Dodge 8,598 

Douglass 4,239 

Faribault 9,940 

Fillmore 24,887 

Freeborn 10,578 

Goodhue 22,618 

Grant 340 



Hennepin 21,566 

Houston 14,936 

Isanti 2,035 

Itasca 96 

Jackson 1,825 

Kanabec 93 

Kandiyohi 1,760 

Lac qui Parle 145 

Lake 135 

Le Sueur 11,607 

Martin 3,867 

McLeod 5,643 

Meeker 6,090 

Mille Lac 1,109 

Monongalia 3,160 

Morrison 1,681 

Mower 10,447 

Murray 209 

Nicollet 8,362 

Nobles 117 

Olmsted 19,793 

Otter Tail 1,968 

Pembina 64 

Pine 648 



Pope 2,691 

Ramsey 23,085 

Redwood 1,82© 

Renville 3,219 

Rice 16,083 

Rock 138 

Scott 11,042 

Sherburne 2,050 

Sibley 6,725 

Stearns 14,206 

Steele 8,271 

Stevens 174 

St. Louis 4,561 

Todd 2,036 

Traverse 13 

Wabashaw 15,859 

I Wadena 6 

(Waseca 7,854 

'Washington 11,809 

Watonwan 2,426 

jWilkin 295 

; Winona 22,319 

Wright 9,457 

I Total 439,706 



MISSISSIPPI— Area, 47,156 square miles. 



Adams 19,084 

Alcorn 10,431 

Amite 10,973 

Attala 14,776 

Bolivar 9,732 

Calhoun 10,561 

Carroll 21,047 



Coahoma 7,144 Itawamba 7,812 

Copiah 20,608 Jackson 4,362 

Covington 4,753 Jasper 10,884 

De Soto 32,021 Jefferson 13,848 



Franklin 7,498 Jones 3,313 

Greene 2,038 Kemper 12,920 

IGrenada 10,571 Lafayette 18,802 

Chickasaw 19,899 Hancock 4,239 Lauderdale 13,462 

Choctaw 16,988 Harrison 5,795 Lawrence 6,620 

Claiborne 13,586 Hinds 30,488 Leake 8,496 

Clark 7,505 Holmes 19,370 Lee 15,955 

llssaquena 6,887 Ijncoln 10,184 



89 



— Area, 67,380 square miles. 



Ozark . 
Pemiscot 

Perry 

Pettis.... 
Phelps . . . 

Pike 

Platte 



Piitnam . 
Ralls.... 



Lowndes 30,50G!Perry 2,694 Tippah 

Madison 20,948iPike 11,303 Tishemingo. 

Marion 4,211 ' Pontotoc 12,.525 Tunica 

Marshall 29,416 Prentiss 9,348 Warren 

Monroe 22,631 1 Rankin 12,977 i Washington . 

Neshoba 7,439 Scott 7,847 'Wayne 

Newton 10,067 Simpson 5,718 Wilkinson . . 

Noxnbee 20,9a5 Smith 7,126 Winston. . . . 

Oktibbeha 14,891 Sunflower 5,015 Yalabusha . . 

Panola 20,754: Tallahatchie 7,852 , Yazoo 

Total 

MISSOURI 

Adair 11,448 

Andrew 15,137 

Atchison 8,440 

Audrain 12,307 

Barry 10,373 

Barton 5,087 

Bates 15,960 

Benton 11,322 

Bomnger 8,162 

Boone 20,765 

Buchanan 35,109 

Butler 4,298 

CaldweU 11,390 

Callaway 19,202 

Camdem 6,108 

Cape Girardeau 17,558 

Carroll 17,446 

Carter 1,455 

Cass 19,296 

Cedar 9,474 

Chariton 19,136 

Christian 6,707 

Clarke 13,667 

Clay 15,564 

Clinton 14,063 

Cole 10,292 

Cooper 20,692 

Crawford 7,982 

Dade 8,683 

DaUas 8,383 

Daviess 14,410 

DeKalb 9,858 

Dent 6,357 

Douglass 3,915 

Dunklin 5,982 

FrankUn 30.098 

Gasconade 10,093 

Gentry 11.607 

Total 



. 20,727 
. 7,350 
. 5,358 
. 26,769 
. 14,569 
. 4,206 
. 12,705 
8,984 
. 13,254 
. 17,279 
.827,922 



Greene 21,549 

Grundy 10,567 

Harrison 14,635 

Henry 17,401 

Hickory 6,452 

Holt 11,652 

Howard 17,233 

Howell 4,218jPolk ... 

Iron 6,278 Pulaski 

Jackson 55,041 

Jasper 14,928 

Jefferson 15,380 Randolph 

Johnson 24,648|Ray 

Knox 10,974 Reynolds . 



Ripley 

Saline 

Schuyler 

Scotland 

Scott 

Shannon 

Shelby 

St. Charles 

St. Clare 

Ste. Genevieve. 
St. Francois 



Laclede 9,380 

Lafayette 22,623 

'Lawrence 13,067 

iLewis 15,114 

[Lincoln 15,960 

Linn 15,900 

Livingston 16,730 

Macon 23,230 

Madison 5,849 

Maries 5,916 

Marion 23,780 

McDonald 5,226 St. Louis . . 

Mercer 11,557 Stoddard . . 

Miller 6,616 ! Stone 

Mississippi 4,982 Sullivan . . . 

Moniteau 11,375 Taney 

Monroe 17,149|Texas 

Montgomery 10,405 Vernon 

Morgan 8,434 Warren 

New Madrid 6,357 Washington 

Newton 12,821 1 Wayne 

Nodaway 14,751 Webster 

Oregon 3,287 1 Worth 

Osage 10,793i Wright 



. . 3,363 

. . 2,059 

. . 9,877 

.. 18,706 

.. 10,506 

.. 23,076 

.. 17,352 

.. 12,445 

. . 4,714 

.. 11,217 

.. 10,510 

. .. 15,908 

.. 18,700 

. . 3,756 

. . 3,175 

.. 21,672 

. . 8,820 

... 10,670 

. . 7,317 

. . 2,339 

... 10,119 

.. 21,304 

. . 6,742 

. . 8,384 

... 9,742 
..351,189 

. . 8,535 

... 3,253 

.. 11,907 

. . 4,407 

. . 9,618 

, .. 11,247 

. . 9,673 

.. 11,719 

. . . 6,068 

.. 10,434 

. . 5,004 

. . 5,684 
.1,721,295 



NEBRASKA— Area, 75,995 square miles. 

Adams 19 Blackbird 31 Buffalo 



193 



90 



Burt 2,847 

Butler 1,290 

CasB 8,151 

Cedar 1,032 

Cheyenne 190 

Clay 54 

Collax 1,424 

Cuming 2,9<)4 

Dakota 2,040 

Dawson lO'-i 

Dixon 1,345 

Dodge 4,212 



Douglass. 
Fillmore . 
Franklin . 

Gage 

Gra nt 

Hall ..... 
Hamilton 
Harrison 



19,982 

238 

2(i 

3,3o;t 

484 

1,057 

130 

631 



[Jackson 9 

Jeflerson 2,440 

1 Johnson 3,429 

! Kearney 58 

Lancaster 7,074 

L'Eau qui Court . . . 261 

Lincoln 17 

Lvou 78 

Madison 1,133 

Merrick 557 

Monroe 235 

Nemaha 7,593 

Nuckolls 8 

Otoe 12,345 

Pawnee 4,171 

Pierce 152 

Platte 1,899 

Polk 136 

Richardson 9,780 

SaUue 3,106 



I Sarpy 

Saunders 

I Seward 

jstanton 

iTaylor 

I Washington 

I Wayne 

I Webster 

York 

Unorganized North- 
west Teerritory . . 

Unorganized Terri- 
tory west of Mad- 
ison County 

Winnebago Indian 
lleservation 

Pawnee Indian res- 
ervation 



Total. 



2,913 

4,547 

2,953 

636 

97 

4,452 

182 

16 

604 

52 



183 

31 

44 

22,993 



miles. 



NEVADA— Area, 112,090 square 

Churchill 196 Lander 2,815 Eoop 133 

Douglas 1.215:Liucoln 2,985 Storey 11,:^9 

Elko 3,447 Lyon 1,837| Washoe 3,091 

Esmeralda 1,553 Nye 1,087 "SVhite Pine 7,189 

Humboldt I,916i0rmsby 3,6681 Total 42,491 

NEW HAMPSHIRE— Area, 9,280 square miles. 

Belknap 17,681 Grafton 39,103 Rockingham 47,297 

Carroll 17,332 HiUsborough 64,238 Strafford 30.243 

Cheshire 27,265 Merrimack 42,151 SuUivan 18,058 

Coos 14,932 1 Total 318,300 



NEW JERSEY- 



miles. 



-Area, 3,320 square 

Atlantic 14,093 Gloucester 21,562 Ocean 13,628 

Bergen 30,122 Hudson 129,067 Passaic 46,416 

Burlington 53,639 Hunterdon 36,963 Salem 23,940 

Camden 46,193 Mercer 46,386 Somerset 23,510 

Cape May 8,349 :Middlesex 45,029 Sussex 23,168 

Cumberland 34,665 Monmouth 46,195 Union 41,859 

Essex 143,839 1 Morris 43,137iWarren 34,336 

Total 906,096 

NEW YORK— Area, 47,000 square miles. 

Albany 133,052 Clinton 47,947 Fulton 27,064 

Allegany 40,814 Columbia 47,044 Genesee 31,606 

Broome 44,103 Cortland 25,173 Greene 31,832 

Cattaraugus 43,909 Delaware 42,972 Hamilton 2,960 

Cayuga .59,550 Dutchess 74,041 ' Herkimer 39,929 

Chautauqua .59,327 Erie 178,699 Jefferson 65,415 

Chemung 35,281 Essex 29,042 Kings 419,921 

Chenango 40,564, Franklin 30,271 Lewis 28,699 



^1 



Livingston 38,309 

Madison 43,522 

Monroe 117,808 

Montgomery 34,457 

New York 942,292 

Niagara 50,437 

Oneida 110,008 

Onondaga 104,183 

Ontario 45,108 

Orange 80,902 

Orleans 27,689 

Oswego 77,941 

Total. . 



Otsego 48,967; 

Putnam 15,420 

Queens 73,803 

Rensselaer 99,549 

Richmond 33,029 

Rockland 25,213 

Saratoga 51,529 

Schenectady 21,347 

Schoharie 33,340 

Schiiyler 18,989 

Seneca 27,823 

Steuben 67,717 



St. Lawrence 84,826 

Suffolk 46,924 

Sullivan 34,550 

Tioga 30,572 

Tompkins 33,178 

Ulster 84,075 

Warren 22,592 

Washington 49,568 

Wayne 47,710 

Westchester 131,348 

Wyoming 29,164 

Yates 19,595 

4,382,759 



NORTH CAROLINA— Area, 50,704 square miles. 



Alamance 11,874 

Alexander 6,868 

Alleghany 3,691 

Anson 12,428 

Ashe 9,573 

Beaufort 13,011 

Bertie 12,950 

Bladen 12,831 

Brunswick 7,754 

Buncombe 15,412 

Burke 9,777 

Cabarrus 11,954 

Caldw-eU 8,476 

Camden 5,361 

Carteret 9,010 

CasweU 16,081 

Catawba 10,984 

Chatham 19,723 

Cherokee 8,080 

Chowan 6,450 

Clay 2,461 

Cleaveland 12,696 

Columbus 8,474 

Craven 20,516 

Cumberland 17,035 

Currituck 5,131 

Dare 2,778 

Davidson 17,414 

Davie 9,620 

Duplin 



Edgecombe 22,970 1 Northampton 14,749 

Forsyth 13,050 Onslow 7,569 

Franklin 14,134JOrange 17,507 

Gaston 12,602 Pasquotank 8,131 

Gates 7,7241 Perquimans 7,945 

Granville 24,831 [Person 11,170 

Greene 8,687 Pitt 17,276 

Guilford 21,736 Polk 4,319 

Halifax 20,408 Randolph 17,551 

Harnnett 8,895 Richmond 12,882 



16,262 
15,708 
16,810 
13,121 
16,436 
8,315 



Haywood 7,921 Robeson 

Henderson 7,706 Rockingham 

Hertford 9,273iRowan 

Hyde 6,445 Rutherford . 

Iredell 16,931 Sampson . . . , 

Jackson 6,683 Stanley 

Johnston 16,897 Stokes ll'208 

Jones 5,002 Surry 11,252 

Lenoir 10,434 1 Transylvania 3,536 

Lincoln 9,573iTyrrell 4,173 

Macon 6,615 [Union 12,217 

Madison 8,192 Wake 35,617 

Martin 9,647 Warren 17,768 

McDowell 7,592 Washington 6,516 

Mecklenburg 24,299 Watauga 5,287 

Mitchell 4,705lWayne 18,144 

Montgomery 7,487 1 Wilkes 15,539 

Moore 12,040 Wilson 12,258 

Nash 11,077 j Yadkin 10,697 

15,542 New Hanover 27,9781 Yancy 5,909 

Total 1,071,361 



OHIO — Area, 39,964 square miles 



Adams 20,750 Brown 30,802 

Allen 23,623 Butler 39,912 

Ashland 21,933 Carroll 14,491 



Ashtabula 32,517 

Athens 23,768 

Auglaize 20,041 

BeUnont 39,714 



Champaign 24,188 



Columbiana 38,299 

Coshocton 23,600 

Crawford 25,556 

Cuyahoga 132,010 



Clark 32,070 jDarke 32,278 

Clermont 34,268 Defiance 15,719 

Clinton 21,914 [Delaware 25,175 



92 



Licking 35,756 

Logan 23,028 

Lorain 30,308 

Lucaa 46,722 

Madison 15,633 

Mahoning 31,001 

Marion 16,184 

Medina 20,092 

Meigs 31,465 

Mercer 17,254 

Miami 32,740 

Monroe 25,779 

Montgomery 64,006 

Morgan 20,363 

Morrow 18,583 

Muskingum 44,886 

Noble 19,949 

Ottawa 13,364 

Paulding 8,544 

Perry 18,453 

Pickaway 24,875 

Pike 15,447 

Total 



Erie 28,188 

Fairfield 31,138 

Fayette 17,170 

Franklin 63,019 

Fulton 17,789 

Gallia 25,545 

Geauga 14,190 

Greene 28,038 

Guernsey 23,838 

Hamilton 260,370 

Hancock 23,847 

Hardin 18,714 

Harrison 18,682 

Henry 14,028 

Highland 29,133 

Hocking 17,925 

Holmes 18,177 

Huron 28,532 

Jackson 21,759 

Jefferson 29,188 

Knox 26,333 

Lake 15,935 

Lawrence 31,380 

OREGON— Area, 102,606 square miles. 

Baker 2,804 Grant 2,251 Polk.. 4,701 

Benton 4,584 Jackson 4,778 Tillamook 408 

Clackamas 5,993 Josephine 1,204 1 Umatilla 2,916 

Clatsop 1,255 Lane 6,426 Union 2,552 

Columbia 863 Linn 8,717 jWasco 2,509 

Coos 1,644 Marion 9,965 j Washington 4,261 

Curry 504 Multnomah ll,510|Yam Hill 5,012 

Douglas 6,066 Total 90,923 

PENNSYLVANIA— Area, 46,000 square miles. 

Adams 30,315 Cumberland 43,912IMcKean 8,825 

Alleghany 262,204 Dauphin 60,740 Mercer 49,977 



Portage 24,584 

Preble 21,809 

Putnam 17,081 

Richland 32,516 

Ross 37,097 

Sandusky 25,503 

Scioto 29,302 

Seneca 30,827 

Shelby 20,748 

Stark 52,508 

Summit 34,674 

Trumbull 38,659 

Tuscarawas 53,840 

Union 18,730 

Van Wert 15,823 

Vinton 15,027 

Warren 26,689 

Washington 40,609 

Wayne 35,116 

Williams 20,991 

Wood 24,596 

Wyandot 18,553 

2,665,260 



Armstrong 43,382 

Beaver 36,148 

Bedford 29,635 

Berks 106,701 

Blair 38,051 

Bradford 53,204 

Bucks 64,336 

Butler 36,510 

Cambria 36,569 

Cameron 4,273 

Carbon 28,144 

Centre 34,418 

Chester 77,805 

Clarion 26,537 

Clearfield 25,741 

Chnton 23,211 

Cohmibia 28,766 

Crawford 63,832 



Delaware 39,403 Miftln 17,508 

Elk 8,488iMonroe 18,362 

Erie 65,973 Montgomery 81,612 

Fayette 43,284 Montour 15,344 

Forest 4,010 1 Northampton 61,432 

Franklin 45,365 Northumberland. . . 41,444 

Fulton 9,360 Perry 25,447 



Greene 25,887 

Huntingdon 31,251 

Indiana 36,138 



Philadelphia 674,022 

Pike 8,436 

Potter 11,265 



Jefl'erson 21,656 Schuykill 116,428 

Juniata 17,390 Snyder 15,606 

Lancaster 121,340 Somerset 28,226 



Lawrence 27,298 

Lebanon 34,096 

Lehigh 56,796 

Luzerne 160,755 

Lycoming 47,626 



Sullivan 6,191 

Susquehanna 37,523 

Tioga 35,097 

Union 15,565 

Venango 47,925 



93 



Warren 23,897jWayne 33,188 1 Wyoming 14,S85 

Washington 48,483 1 Westmoreland 58,719 1 York 76,134 

Total 3,521,791 

RHODE ISLAND— Area, 1,306 square miles. 

BKistol 9,421 1 Newport 20,0501 Washington 20,097 

Kent 18,595 1 Providence 149,19o| Total 217,353 

SOUTH CAROLINA— Area, 29,385 square miles. 



Abbeville 31,129 

Anderson 24,049 

BarnweU 35,724 



Fairfield 19,888 Newberry 20,775 

Georgetown 16,161 Oconee 10,536 

Greenville 22,262 Orangeburg 16,865 

Beaufort 34,359 Horry 10,721 Pickens 10,269 

Charleston 88,863 1 Kershaw 11,754 Richland 23,025 

Chester 18,805 j Lancaster 12,087 Spartanburg 25,784 

Chesterfield 10,584 ] Laurens 22,536 Sumter 25,268 

Clarendon 14,038, Lexington 12,988 Union 19,248 

Colleton 25,410 1 Marion 22,160 Williamsburg 15,489 

Darlington 26,243 1 Marlborough 11,814 1 York 24,286 

Edgefield 42,486| Total 705,606 

TENNESSEE— Area, 45,600 square miles. 



Anderson 8,704|Hancock 7,148 

Bedford 24,333 Hardeman 18,074 

Benton 8,234 Hardin 11,768 



Bledsoe 4,870 

Blount 14',237 

Bradley 11,652 

Campbell 7,445 

Cannon 10,502 

Carroll 19,447 

Carter 7,909 

Cheatham 6,678 

Claiborne 9,321 

Cocke 12,458 



Hawkins 15,837 

Haywood 25,094 

Henderson 14,217 

Henry 20,380 

Hickman 9,856 

Humphreys 9,326 

Jackson 12,583 

Jefferson 19,476 

Johnson 5,852 

Knox 28,990 



Coffee 10,237 Lake 2,428 

Cumberland 3,461 Lauderdale 10,838 



Davidson 62,897 

Decatur 7,772 

DeKalb 11,425 

Dickson 9,340 

Dyer 13,706 

Fayette 26,145 

Fentress 4,717 

FrankUn 14,970 

Gibson 25,666 

GUes 32,413 



Lawrence 7,601 

Lewis 1,986 

Lincoln 28,050 

Macon 6,633 

Madison 23,480 

Marion 6,841 

Marshall 16,207 

Maury 36,289 

McMinn 13,969 

McNairy 12,726 



Grainger 12,421 Meigs 4,511 

Greene 21,668 Monroe 12,589 

Grundy 3,250 Montgomery 24,747 



Hamilton 17,241 1 



Morgan 2,969 

Obion 15,584 

Overton 11,297 

Perry 6,925 

Polk 7,369 

Putnam 8,698 

Rhea 5,538 

Roane 15.622 

Robertson 16,166 

Rutherford 33,289 

Scott 4,054 

Sequatchie 2,335 

Sevier 11,028 

Shelby 76,378 

Smith 15,994 

Stewart 12,019 

SuUivan 13,136 

Sumner 23,711 

Tipton 14,884 

Union 7,605 

VanBuren 2,725 

Warren 12,714 

Washington 16,317 

Wayne 10,209 

Weakley 20,755 

White 9,375 

Williamson 25,328 

Wilson 25,881 



Total 1,258,520 



TEXAS— Area, 237,504 square miles. 

Anderson 9,229 1 Atascosa 2,9151Bandera 649 

Angelina 3,9851 Austin 15,087 1 Bastrop 12,290 



^4 



^ee 1,082'Grayson 14,387 

Bell 9,771 Grimes 13,218 

Bexar 16,043 Guadalupe 7,'28'2 

Bexar District 1,077 Hamilton 733 

Blanco 1,187 [Hardin 1,460 



Bosque 4,981 

Borne 4,684 

Brazoria 7,52'' 

Brazos 9,205 

BroAvn 544 

Burleson 8,072 

Burnet 3,688 

CaldweU 6,572 

Calhoun 3,443 

Cameron 10,999 

Chambers 1,503 

Cherekee 11,079 

Coleman 347 

CoUin 14,013 

Colorado 8,326 

Comal 5,283 

Comanche 1,001 

Cook 5,315 

Coryell 4,124 

Dallas 13,314 

Davis 8,875 

Demmit 109 

Denton 7,251 

DeWitt 6,443 

Duval 1,083 

Eastland 88 

Ellis 7,514 

El Paso 3,671 

Ensinal 427 

Erath 1,801 

Falls 9,851 

Fannin 13,207 

Fayette 16,863 

Fort Bend 7,114 

Freestone 8,139 

Frio 309 

Galveston 15,290 

Gillespie 3,566 

GoUad 3,628 

Gonzales 8,951 



Harris 17,375 

Harrison 13,241 

Hays 4,088 

Henderson 6,786 

Hidalgo 2,387 

Hill 7,453 

Hood 2,585 

Hopkins 12,651 

Houston 8,147 

Hunt 10,291 

Jack 694 

Jackson 2,278 

Jasper 4,218 

Jefferson 1,906 



Milam 8,984 

Montague 890 

Montgomery 6,483 

Nacogdoches 9,614 

Navarro 8,879 

Newt(m 2,187 

Neuces 3,975 

Orange 1,255 

Panola 10,119 

Parker 4,186 

Polk 8,707 

Presidio 1,636 

Red River 10,653 

Refugio 2,324 

Robertson 9,990 

Rusk 16,916 

Sabine 3,256 

San Augustine 4,196 

San Patricio 602 



Johnson 4,923 San Saba 1,425 

Karnes 1,705 1 Shackleford 455 

Kaufman 6,895 Shelby 5,732 

Kendall 1,536 Smith 16,532 

Kerr 1,042 Starr 4,154 

Kimble 72 ' Stephens 330 

Kinney l,204lTarrant 5,788 

Lamar 15,790 Titus 11,339 

Lampasas 1,344 1 Travis 13,153 

La Salle 69 Trinity 4,141 



Lavaca 9,168 

Leon 6,523 

Liberty 4.414 

Limestone 8,591 

Live Oak 852 

Llano 1,379 

Madison 4,061 

Marion 8,562 

Mason 678 

Matagorda 3,377 

Maverick 1,951 

McCiilloch 

McLennan 



Tyler 5,010 

Upshur 12,039 

Uvalde a51 

Van Zandt 6,494 

Victoria 4,860 

Walker 9,776 

Washington 23,104 

Webb 2,()15 

Wharton 3,426 

Williamson 6,36(5 

Wilson 2,556 

173 Wise 1,450 

13,500 Wood - 6,894 



McMuUen 230 Yotnig 135 

Medina 2,078 Zapata 1,488 

Menard 667lZavala 133 



Total 818,579 

VERMONT— Area, 10,212 square miles. 



Addison 23,484 

Bennington 21,325 

Caledonia 22,247 

Chittenden 36,480 

Essex 6,811 



Franklin 30,291 Rutland 40,651 

Grand Isle 4,082 Washington 26,508 

Lamoille 12,448, Windham 26,036 

Orange 23,090 Windsor 36,0(!3 

Orleans 21,0351 Total 330,551 



95 



VIRGINIA— Aera, 38,352 square miles. 



Accomack 20,401) 

Albemarle 27,544 

Alexandria 16,755 

Alleghany 3,674 

Amelia 9,878 

Amherst 14,900 

Appomattox 8,950 

Augnsta 28,763 

Bath 3,795 

Bedford 25,327 

Bland 4,000 

Botetourt 11,329 

Brunswick 13,427 

Buchanan 3,777 

Buckingham 13,371 

Campbell 28,384 



Frederick 16,596 

Giles 5,875 

Gloucester 10,211 

Goochland 10,313 

Grayson 9,587 

Greene 4,634 

Greenville 6,362 

Halifax 27,828 

danover 16,455 

Henrico 66,179 

Henry 12,303 

Highland 4,151 

Isle of Wight "" 
James City . 



Nottoway 9,291 

Orange 10,396 

Page 8,462 

Patrick 10,161 

Pittsylvania 31,343 

Powhatan 7,667 

Prince Edward 12,004 

Prince George 7,820 

Princess Anne 8,273 

Prince William 7,504 

Pulaski 6,538 

Rapijahaunock 8,261 

8,320 : Richmond 6,503 

4,425 Roanoke 9,350 



King and Queen 9,709 Rockbridge 16,058 

King George 5,742 Rockingham 23,668 



Caroline 15,128!King William 7,515 Russell 11,103 



Carroll 9,147 Lancaster 5,355 

Charles City 4,975 Lee 13,268 

Charlotte 14,513 Loudon 20,929 

Chesterfield 18.470 Louisa 16,332 

Clarke 6,670 Lunenburg 10,403 

Craig 2,942 Madison 8,670 

Culpepper 12,227 Matthews 6,200 

Cumberland 8,142 Mecklenburg 21,318 

Dinwiddle 30,702, Middlesex 4,981 

Elizabeth City 8,303 Montgomery 12,556 

Essex 9,927 Nansemond 11,576 

Fairfax 12,952 Nelson 13,898 

Fauquier 19,690 New Kent 4,381 

Floyd 9,824 Norfolk 46,702 

Fluvanna 9,875 Northampton 

Franklin 18,264 Northumberland 



Scott 13,036 

Shenandoah 14,936 

Smyth 8,898 

Southampton 12,285 

Spottsylvania 11,728 

Stafford 6,420 

Surry 5,585 

Sussex 7,885 

Tazewell 10,791 

Warren 5,716 

Warwick 1,672 

Washington 16,816 

Westmoreland 7,682 

Wise 4,785 

046 Wythe 11,611 

6,863 York 7,198 



Total 1,225,163 

WEST VIRGINIA— Area, 23,000 square miles. 



Barbour 10,312 

Berkeley 14,900 

Boone 4,553 

Braxton 6,480 

Brooke 5,464 

CabeU 6,429 

Calhou-n 2,939 

Clav 2,196 

Doddridge 7,076 

Fayette 6,64^ 

Gilmer 4,338 

Grant 4,467 

Greenbrier 11,417 



Jefferson 13,219 

Kanawha 22,349 

Lewis 10,175 

Lincoln 5,053 

Logan 5,124 

Marion 12,107 

Marshall 14,941 

Mason 15,978 

McDowell 1,952 

Mercer 7,064 

Mineral. 6,332 

Monongalia 13,547 

Monroe" 11,124 



Hampshire 7,643 j Morgan 4,315 

Hancock 4,3(>3 Nicholas 4,458 

Hardy 5,518 Ohio' 28,831 

Harrison 16,714 iPendleton 6,455 

Jackson 10,300 Pleasants 3,012 



Pocahontas 4,067 

Preston 14,555 

Putnam 7,794 

Raleigh 3,673 

Randolph 5,563 

Ritchie 9,055 

Roane 7,232 

Taylor 9,367 

Tucker 1,907 

Tyler 7,832 

Upshur 8,023 

Wayne 7,852 

Webster 1,730 

Wetzel 8,595 

Wirt 4,804 

Wood 19,000 

Wyoming 3,171 

Total 442,014 



96 
WISCONSIN— Area, 53,924 square miles. 



Adams 6,601 Green 23,611 

Aehland 221 Green Lake 13,195 

Barron 538 Iowa 24,544 



Bayfleld 344 

Brown 25,168 



Jackson 7,687 

Jefferson 34,040 



Buffalo 11,123 ! Juneau 12,372 

Burnett 706|Keno8ha 13,147 

Calumet 12,335 Kewaunee 10,128 

Chippewa 8,311 La Crosse 20,297 

Clark 3,450 JLa Fayette 22,659 



Columbia 28,802 

Crawford 13,075 

Dane 53,096 

Dodge 47,035 

Door 4,919 

Douglas 1,122 

Dunn 9,488 

Eau Claire 10,769 

Fond du Lac 46,273 

Grant 37,979 



Manitowoc 33,364 

Marathon 5,885 

Marcpiette 8,056 

Milwaukee 89,930 

Monroe 16,550 

Oconto 8,321 

Outagamie 18,430 

Ozaukee 15,564 

Pepin 4,659 



Pierce 9,958 

Polk 3,422 

Portage 10,634 

Racine 26,740 

Richland 15,731 

Rock 39,030 

Sauk 23,860 

Shawanaw 3,166 

Sheboygan 31,749 

St. Croix 11,035 

Trempealeau 10,732 

Vernon 18,6)45 

Walworth 25,972 

Washington 23,919 

Waukesha 28,274 

Waupacca 15,539 

Waushara 11,279 

Winnebago 37,279 

Wood 3,912 



Total 1,054,670 



DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA— Area, 60 square miles. 

Georgetown City... 11,384 Washington City. . .109,199 Remainder of Dist. 1,117 
Total 131, 700 



TERRITORIES. 



ARIZONA— Area, 113,916 square miles. 

Mohave 179| Yavapai 2,142 Yuma 1,621 

Pima 5,716| Total 9,658 



COLORADO— Area, 

Arapahoe 6,829 |E1 Paso 987 

Bent 592 Fremont 1,064 

Boulder 1,939 Gilpin 5,490 

Clear Creek 1,596 (Greenwood 510 

Conejos 2,504 Huerfano 2,250 

Costilla 1,779 Jefferson 2,392 

Douglas 1,388 Lake 522 

Total 



104,500 square miles. 

~ Larimer 

Las Animas 

Park 

Pueblo 

Saguache 

Summit 

Weld 



838 

4,276 

447 

■ 2,265 

304 

258 

1,636 

.39,864 



Bon Homme. 
Brookings . . 

Buffalo 

Charles Mix . 

(nay 

Deuel 



DAKOTA— Area, 50,932 square miles. 



608 Hut(;liinson 
163 Jayne 

246 Lincoln 712 

152 Minnehaha 355 

2,621 Pembina 1,213 

371 Total 



37 1 Todd 

5 Union 

Yankton 

Unorganized por- 
tion of Territory . . . 



337 
3,507 
2,097 

2,091 
14,181 



97 
IDAHO— Area, 86,294 square miles. 

Ada 2,()75|Idaho 849 Oneida 1,922 

Alturas 689 Lemhi 988 Owyhee 1,713 

Boise 'S,8'3i \ Nez Perces 1,607 Shoshone 725 

Total 14,999 

MONTANA— Area, 143,776 square miles. 

Beaver Head 722 Deer Lodge 4,367, Madison 2,684 



Big Horn 
Choteau . 
Dawson . . 



38 Gallatin 1,578 

517 Jefferson 1,531 

177 Lewis and Clarke. .. 5,040 



Meagher 1,387 

Missonla 2,554 

Total 20.595 



NEW MEXICO— Area, 121,201 square miles. 

Bernalillo 7,591 |Mora 8,056 Santa Fe 

Colfax 1,992 :Kio Arriba 9,204 Socorro 6,603 

Dona-Ana 5,864 San Miguel 16,058 Taos 12,079 

Grant 1,143 Santa Ana 1,599 Valencia 9,093 

Lincoln 1,803| Total 91,874 

UTAH— Area, 84,476 square miles. 

Beaver 2,007iMillard 2,753 Sevier 19 

Box Elder 4,855 Morgan 1,972 Summit 2,512 

Cache 8,229 [Piute 82 Tooele 2,177 

Davis 4,459 Eich 1,955 Utah 12.203 

Iron 2,277 Eio Virgin 450 Wasatch 1,214 

Juab 2,034 [ Salt Lake 18,337 Washington 3,064 

Kane 1,513 1 San Pete 6,786|Weber 7,858 

Total 86,786 

WASHINGTON— Area, 69,994 square miles. 

Chehalis 401 ' KUkitat 329 Stevens 734 

Clallam 408 Lewis 888 Thurston 2,24(> 

Clarke 3,081 Mason 289 Wahkiakum 270 

Cowlitz 730 Pacific 738 Walla: Walla 5,300 

Island 626 Pierce 1,409; Whatcom 534 

Jefiferson 1,268 Skamania 133 Yakima 432 

King 2,120 Snohomish 599 1 The Disputed Islands 554 

Kitsap 8661 Total 23,955 

WYOMING— Area, 97,883 square miles. 

Albany 2,021jLaramie 2,957|Uintah 856 

Carbon 1, 368 1 Sweetwater 1,916| Total 9,118 



The total for the States is 38,113,253 

" " Territories is 442,730 

Whole total 38,555,983 



98 



ct. 



ONE HUNDRED PKINOIPAL CITIES. 

CENSUS OF 1870. 

New York, N. Y 942,292 Scrautou, Pa .'30,092; Bridgeport, 

Philadelphia, Pa. ()74,()22 Heading, Pa :W,930i Erie, Pa 

Brooklyn, N. Y 39(i,()99 Columbus, O 33,5091 Wheeling, W, Va 

St. Louis, Mo 310,8(54 Paterson, N.J 33,579 i Norfolk, Va 

Chieago, 111 298,977 Dayton, O 30,473 1 Taunton, Mass 

Baltimore, Md 267,354 Kansas City, Mo 32,2(50 ' Chelsea, Mass 

Boston, Mass 250,52(5 Mobile, Ala 32,034' Dubuque, Ta 

Cincinnati, O. . 21(5,239 Portland, Me 31,414 Leavenwdrth, Kan . 



New Orleans, La. . .191,418 1 Wilmington, Del 30,841 

San Francisco, Cal. 149,473 1 Lawrence, Mass 28,921 

Buffalo, N. Y 117,714 Toledo, O 31,584 

Washington, D. C. 109,199 Charlestown, Mass ' ' 

Newark, N. J. 



.105,059 

Louisville, Ky 100,753 

Cleveland, O 92,829 

Pittsburg, Pa 8(5,076 

Jersey City, N. J. . . .82,546 

Detroit, Mich 79,577 

Milwaukie, Wis 71,440 

Albany, N. Y (59,422 

Providence, R. I 68,904 

Rochester, N. Y 62,386 

Allegheny, Pa 53,180 

Richmond, Va 51,038 

New Haven, Ct 50,840 

Charleston, S. C 48,956 

Troy, N. Y 46,465 

Syracuse, N. Y 43,051 

Worcester, Mass 41,105 

Lowell, Mass 40,928 

Memphis, Tenn 40,226 

Cambridge, Mass . . . .39,634 



Lynn, Mass. 
Fall River, Mass. . 
Springfield, Mass. 
NashNille, Teuu. . . 
Covington, Ky. 



Fort Wayne, Tud.., 

Springfield, 111 

Auburn, N. Y 

28,323; Newburg. N. Y 

. 28,233 i St. Joseph, Mo 

. 26,766 Petersburg, Va 

.26,703 [Atlanta, Ga 

. 25,8(55 1 Norwich, Ct , 

.24,505 1 Sacramento, Cal 



Salem, Mass 24,117 Omaha, Neb 

Quincy, lU 24,053' Elniira, N. Y 



■Manchester, N, H. . .23,536 

Harrisburg, Pa 23,104 

Trenton, N. J 22,874 

Peoria, 111. 22,849 

Evansville, Ind 21,830 

New Bedford, Mass. 21, 320 

Oswego, N. Y 20,910 

Elizabeth, N. J 20,832 Grand Rapid's, Mich 

Lancaster, Pa 20,233 Augusta, Ga 

Savannah, Ga 28,235 Burlington, Vt 

Hobokeu, N. J 20,297 Alexandria, Va 

Poughkeep8ie,N. Y.. 20,080 Sandusky, O 

Camden, N.J 20,045 Lewiston, Me 



Gloucester, Mass 

Cohoes, N. Y 

New Albany, Ind 

New Bruns\\'ick,N. J 
Terre Haute, Ind. . . . 

Bangor, !\re 

Newport, Ky, 



Hartford, Ct 37,180 Davenport, la 20,038 

Indianapolis, Ind. . .36,565 St. Paul, Minn 20,031 



19,960 
,19,(546 
19,282 
19,229 
18,(529 
18.547 
18,434 
17,873 
17,718 
17,364 
17,225 
17,014 
19,.565 
18,950 
,21,789 
16,653 
16,283 
,16,083 
15,8(53 
15,389 
15,357 
15,396 
.15,058 
1(5,103 
18,289 
15,087 
16,.5()7 
15,389 
14,387 
13,570 
13,000 
13,600 



LUCK AT LAST. 



You think I'm nervous, stranger? Well, I am. 
If 'twa'n't for making silly people talk, 
I'd get right off this pokish train and walk 

From here to where I'm going — Amsterdam. 

That's where I live, you see. As for Lacrosse — 
(Excuse me, neighbor, I must talk or bust)— 
Since I've been there it's three years certain, just : 

And now to laugh or cry is just a toss. 

" Married ?" Why, yes, that's where it is, you see ; 

I've telegraphed her I was strong and well, 

And coming to her ; but I didn't tell 
That I was rich. I thought I'd let that be. 

It's too good luck, this is, to last, you know, 
And, stranger, if I wasn't kind of rash, 
I'd bet my bottom dollar that we smash 

Before — but, pshaw, excuse me, I'U go slow. 

You see, when we were married. Sue and I, 

I was a good mechanic, and not poor 

Until I struck it, as I reckoned, sure. 
In an invention I was working sly. 

All I could make went into that concern ; 
And people called me crazy for it too. 
And said I'd better stick to what I knew ; 

But folks ivill talk, and have lived to learn. 

In all this world I had but one friend then, 
But she stood by me nobly, through and through, 
And said 'twould come out right at last, she knew— 

One woman staunch is worth a dozen men. 

'Twas tough, sometimes, though, when a loaf of bread 
Stood on the table — all the meal we had — 



100 

I should have gone aloue, quite to the bad 
But, through it all, my Susan kept her head 

'Twas her advice that seut me ofT at last — 
She said she'd work her lingers to the bone, 
And live for twenty mortal years aloue, 

Rather than give it up — thank God, that's past. 

A hundred thousand and a royalty 

Is what I've got lor going far away ; 

She cheered me by her letters every day ; 
A million co\ild not pay such loyalty ! 

She knows I'm coming ; but she doesn't know- 
That I am rich ; and she will be there, too. 
Dressed in her best — her best, my poor, dear Sue ; 

111 bet a lumdred 't\\ill be calico ! 

" ru dress her now ?" You bet it !— but go slow. 
This luck's a heap too good to last, I fear ; 
I shan't believe it till I'm fairly there ; 

The train may smash up, easy, jet, you know. 

The only reason, if it don't, will be 
That I'm so strongly thinking that it ^\^ll. 
I'm nervous, say you ? Just a Uttle, still 

The luck is none too good for Sue, you see. 

Hello ! we're here ! — there's Sue, by all that's grand. 

Stranger, excuse me, sir, but would you mind 

To go ahead and tell her I'm behind ? 
I'm choking : see my eyes — you understand. 

Janesville (HV.s.) Gazette, 






AND 



75 FULTON ST., NEW YORK. 



The attention of advertisers is called to 
our lists of first class newspapers in all parts 
of the country, in v/hich we will insert 

At much less than publishers' rates. 

As we are usually able to pay publishers' 
bills in TYPE and MATERIALS of our own 
manufacture, we can make better terms than 
any otlier parties in the business. 

Send for our rate book- 
Estimates given, upon application^ for any 
class of papers, and advertisements inserted in 
any paper in the United States, at publishers' 
lowest rates. 

DAUCHY & CO., 
75 Fulton St., New York. 



WM. EDGAR SIMONDS, 

S4S MAIN STREET, HAMTFOSD, COIfN. 
SOLICITOR OP 

AMEMICAI AID EOMEIGl PATEITS. 



♦ ♦ ♦- 



The wrdter of this worh, originally prompted 
to this profession hy natural tastes, and having 
enjoyed thorough scientifie and legal training 
therefor, has been engaged, for the past sLv 
years, in soliciting letters patent for inventions, 
in all the patent granting countries of the world, 
and in the conduct of patent cases in the Uni- 
ted States Courts, with a measure of success at 
once sin^prising and gratifying. 

It has heen his aim, in each case he has 
tahen before the Patent Office, to secure for the 
inventor all he ivas entitled to, sparing no pains 
to attain this end. He believes that he can 
safely refer, upon this point, to each one of the 
hundreds of inventors for whom he has acted. 

While the records of the Patent Office show 
that fully one third of all the applications 



103 



made for patents are fimdly rejected, the pro- 
portion of final rejections upon applications 
made through this office, ivill hardly amount to 
one tenth. All specifications, and other papers 
for forei<5n patents, have been fully completed, 
ready for filing in the office for which they 
were designed, under his own hand—haridng, 
sometimes, a translation— and in his oiun office, 
the significance of which statement can only he 
fully appreciated by a solicitor. 

As in the past, so in the future, it will be 
his aim to render a perfect service to inventors, 
as regards skill, promptness, and fidelity, striv- 
i/vg to make each case, as it comes under his 
hand, more perfect, if possible, than the last. 

All businecs connected with preliininary ex- 
arninations, caveats, a^pplications for patents, 
reissues, interferences, extensions, disclaimers , 
appeals, assignments, contracts, searches, opin- 
ions, infringements, or other patent matters what- 
soever, he contracts to do in the same manner. 
As inost inventors find, sooner or later, good 
work in patent matters is worth everything, poor 
work worse than ivorthless. 

The writer does not offer himself as a com- 
petitor, in the matter of prices, with those solic- 
itors who take work on any terms they can get, 
yet he knows that his charges are much less 



10-t 

thcuv those of other solicitors who are competent 
to perforin, and do perform the same quality of 
worh. 

He ivill he pleased, upon request made, to 
forward a pamphlet circular, ivhich is explicit 
in tl%e matter of teriyvs, etc., both for home and 
foreign patcntS' 

If you have a difficult or rejected case, you 
are invited to submit it for his opinion as to 
the chances of success, ivhich opinion will be 
given, usually, ivithout charge, and a fee named 
upon ivhich the case will be undertahen. 

With reference to suits at law, upon pat- 
ents, attention is drawn to the following pro- 
fessional card : 

ATTORNEY AT LAW, 

Ijrudtficnj^j^ %\\ !|e |(. j. m^^* 

FATENT VASJES A SuPJECIALTY, 



ERRATA. 



On page 12, line 2, the words "as low" should follow the 
word "fixed." 

On page 25, line 10, ••proportion" should read "proposi- 
tion." 

On page +7, under head of " Undivided Interests," the 
words " that it is probably lawful," should be inserted immedi- 
ately after the word " understand," in Une 2. 

On page 48, line 15, the word " use," should follow the. 

word " MAKE." 

On page 74, line 9, omit the word " such." 



INDEX. 



PAGE. 

Assignments and Grants 43 

" " Formsfor 45—49 

Advertising, Newspaper 24 

Agents, Itinerant 28 

Articles of Association, Form for 54 

About Solicitors 74 

Brokers, Patent 7 

Cost, First, of making Patented Article 10 

Capital Kequired in Working Patent 14 

Circular, Form for. Describing Patent 20 

Companies, Stock 29 

Census of the United States 81—98 

" — States in alphabetical order 81—96 

" — Territories in " " 97 

" — One hundred principal cities 98 

Errata 105 

Forms — 

For Assignments 45 — 48 

For Articles of Association 54 

For Advertisements 25, 27 

For Descriptive Circular 20 

For Grants 48 

For Licenses 49 — 53 

For Letter, offering to seU Patent 23 

For Mortgage 64 

For Power of Attorney to sell Eights 59 — 63 

" " Eevocation of 63 

" " Agreement to Accompany 61 

For Protective Memorandum 73 

For Transfer of Trade Mark 54 

Grants, Assignments and 43 

" Form for 48 

How to "Work a Specialty 31 

Itinerant Agents 28 

Interests, Undivided 47 

Invent, How to 69 

Invention, Principal Requisites of an 70 

Invention as a Trade 72 

Inventions, Small 71 

Joint Stock Companies 29 

" '• " Form for Articles of Association of 54 

Letter, offering Patent for Sale 33 



107 

Licenses ^o' ko 

" Forms of , etc 49— M 

Luck at Last ^^ 

Models Jz 

Market, The, for an Invention 1^ 

Mortgage of Patents 64 

" " Form for o* 

Newspaper Advertising 24 

Offering the Patent, to Whom, How 19 

Preliminary remarks ' 5 

Patent Brokers "^ 

Prerequisites to undertaking Sale 9 

Profit, The, on an Invention 11 

Price to be asked for the Patent 14 

Parts of a Patent, "Value of the 15 

Personal Solicitation 26 

Power of Attorney, Forms for, etc 59 — 64 

Principal Requisites of an Invention 70 

Protection, Cheap and Efficient 73 

Royalties 17 

" Forms for License, with 50 — 53 

Shop Rights 16 

" " Forms for 49, 50 

Solicitation, Personal 26 

Stock Companies 29 

Specialty, How to Work a 31 

Small Inventions 71 

Solicitors, About 74 

To Whom to Offer the Patent, and How to Offer It 19 

Transfer of Trade Mark, Form for 54 

Undivided Interests 47 

Value of Parts of a Patent 15 



j^tmfm^^^^mm^mgm 



